READING & WRITING

• Writing


  Both an art and a skill
• Narrative writing


  1. Telling a real or fictional story or account

  2. Usually follows a chronological order, which means you must take into account all the time the correct sequence of events

  3. Must be conscious of your point of view or the perspective the narrative is told
• Descriptive writing


  1. To clarify the nature of people, places and things

  2. Involves how you’ll arrange details to provide an image of the scene, the person, or the object you’re trying to describe in your text
• Objective description


  The writer presents an impartial and actual picture of the subject without biases and personal impression on the subject
• Subjective description


  The writer gives a personal impression of what is observed, often used in making fiction stories
• Definitive writing


  Provides concise but exact meaning of unfamiliar words and explains special meaning for familiar words
• Informal definition


  Can be denotation or connotation
• Denotation


  Literal and primary meaning of a word that you can find in the dictionary
• Connotation


  Secondary meaning of a word and not necessarily included in the dictionary
• Formal definition


  Consists of: species (word) + genus (class) + differentiae
• Classification


  1. Used when a writer needs to sort out or arrange subjects or groups or categories based on their common and shared characteristics

  2. Done by stating first with the general idea expressed in the thesis or topic sentence, followed by supporting details mentioned in the supporting sentences
• Exemplification


  1. Also known as illustration and is the most common and effective pattern to explain an idea or point

  2. In developing this paragraph, the writer develops a general statement (topic sentence)
• Persuasion


  1. Intends to convince readers to do or believe in something

  2. Knowing how to write it allows you to express your personal conviction or opinion about an issue or topic and make the readers agree with or adopt your conviction or opinion
• Comparison and contrast


  Organizes ideas based on how events, places, people, things and concepts are similar to or different from one another
• Cause and effect


  Organizes ideas based on the cause, the reasons, and the result or consequences of a certain phenomenon
• Problem and solution


  Where the writer presents the problem and provides some facts on why it’s a problem, then provides a conclusion with the connection between the problem and solution
• Proper paragraphing & logical order


  It is necessary to identify the sequence of events from the beginning to end
• Clarity in writing


  1. The writer must make sure that their writing must be organized to achieve clarity

  2. Organization in writing means that the writer must consciously arrange and classify ideas in order to achieve logical order and clarity in writing
• Interconnected with one another


  1. Organization entails that the ideas in writing must be interconnected with one another

  2. The logical order of ideas in writing is highlighted in organization

  3. It begins with the writer thinking of general subjects and turning them into the narrowed down topics
• Deductive


  The way of organizing ideas for writing starts with the general ideas followed by the specific details
• Organizing ideas for writing


  Begins with the writer thinking of general subjects and turning them into narrowed down topics
• Deductive


  The way of organizing ideas for writing starts with general ideas followed by specific details
• Inductive


  • The way of organizing ideas for writing starts with particular or specific ideas leading to the general idea
  • Normally used when the audience are considered newbies to the topic
• Coherence and cohesion


  • Facilitate textual continuity
• Coherence

  • Refers to the rhetorical aspects of writing, including developing and supporting arguments, synthesizing readings, organizing ideas
  • Every good paragraph must have unity or oneness of idea, directed by a topic sentence
• Parallelism


  Ideas of the same nature must be expressed in the same grammatical structures
• Transitional devices


  Used to sustain the smooth flow of ideas for easy comprehension
• Cohesion


  • Unifying ideas by binding words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs, showing relationships and smooth text flow
  • Achieved by using certain words or phrases to connect sentences
• Mechanics


  Refers to grammar, punctuation, indention, capitalization, and other surface features contributing to written work development
• Grammar


  Set of rules on how words are organized into sentences
• Punctuation


  Used to clarify meaning by indicating separation of words into sentences, clauses, and phrases
• Indentions


  Spaces left between the margin and the start of an indented line
• Capitalization


  Refers to writing letters
• Claims


  • Synonymous to belief, argument, or stand
  • Can be explicit and implicit
• Explicit


  Directly and clearly stated in the text
• Implicit


  Indirectly expressed in the text, requiring clues or inferences to understand
• Types of claims


  • Claim of fact
  • Claim of value
  • Claim of policy
• Claim of fact


  Presents something projected as factual or true, but debatable
• Claim of value


  • Argument based on morality, belief, ethics, or philosophy, combining limited facts to prove as good or bad by targeting emotions
  • Biased due to varying values people hold
• Claim of policy


  • Argument suggesting actions to be carried out, perceived as a relatively direct statement
  • Also known as a claim of solution, supporting policies and solutions based on results