Chatgpt

Cards (48)

  • Carbohydrates
    Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or substances yielding them upon hydrolysis; major material in our diet serving as an energy source
  • Monosaccharides
    • Not decomposable to simple sugars by hydrolysis
    • All free monosaccharides are "reducing"
    • Classified by the number of carbon atoms
  • Monosaccharides
    • Triose: C3H6O3 - Glyceraldehyde
    • Tetrose: C4H8O4 - Erythrose
    • Pentose: C5H10O5 - Ribose
    • Hexose: C6H12O6 - Glucose, Fructose
    • Heptose: C7H14O7 - Notable in nature
    • Octose: C8H16O8 - Rare
  • Arabinose is found in complex plant polysaccharides (gums) and in coniferous tree wood
  • Glucose is known as grape sugar and dextrose; found in grapes and blood
  • Fructose is fruit sugar and the sweetest-tasting sugar
  • Galactose, also called cerebrose, is found in cerebrosides primarily in nerve cell sheaths
  • Disaccharides
    • Two simple sugars linked by glycosidic bond
    • Examples: Maltose (glucose + glucose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
  • Oligosaccharides
    • Contains two to ten simple sugars linked by glycosidic bonds
  • Polysaccharides
    • Carbohydrates with nine or more monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds
    • Examples: Starch, Agar-agar, Gum-arabic, Dextrin, Cellulose
  • Starch is found in seeds, tubers, and roots; consists of amylose and amylopectin
  • Dextrins are partial hydrolytic products of starch used in various products
  • Glycogen is the animal system's storage of glycogen in the liver and muscles
  • Cellulose (Cotton) is the most abundant organic compound on earth; linear polymer with 𝛽(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds
  • Agar-agar is a jelly-like substance from red algae; used in Asian cuisines and as a gelatin substitute
  • Gum-Arabic is a dried water-soluble exudate from Acacia senegal; used in pharmaceutical preparations
  • General Test for Carbohydrates
    1% solutions of glucose, sucrose, arabinose, starch, and cotton or filter paper suspension
  • Molisch Test

    Distinguishes carbohydrates from non-carbohydrates using 𝛼-naphthol in 95% ethanol
  • Anthrone Test

    Qualitative and quantitative estimation of polysaccharides and monosaccharides
  • Iodine Test for Carbohydrates
    Differentiates helical polysaccharides from non-helical; detects starch with a bluish-black color
  • Qualitative Tests for Sugars
    5% solutions of glucose, fructose, arabinose, maltose, galactose, lactose, sucrose
  • Benedict’s Test

    Detects reducing sugars by forming colored copper (I) oxide; positive for all except sucrose
  • Barfoed’s Test

    Distinguishes between monosaccharides and reducing disaccharides
  • Seliwanoff’s Test
    Used to distinguish aldose from ketoses; positive for fructose and sucrose
  • Orcinol Test/Bial’s Test

    Test for distinguishing pentoses from hexoses
  • Positive for all except sucrose
    • oxide
  • Orcinol Test/Bial’s Test

    Test for distinguishing pentoses from hexoses; positive for arabinose
  • Osazone Test
    Differentiates reducing sugars by forming characteristic crystalline osazones
  • Mucic Acid Test
    Detects presence of galactose and lactose through the formation of relatively insoluble mucic acid
  • Lipids
    • Biomolecules with various functions; not polymers but small molecules associating through noncovalent forces
  • Types of Lipids
    • Fatty Acids
    • Triglycerides
    • Phospholipids
    • Steroids
  • Fatty Acids
    Long chain carboxylic acids; saturated or unsaturated
  • Common Saturated Fatty Acids
    • Examples and sources for butyric acid to stearic acid
  • Common Unsaturated Fatty Acids
    • Examples and sources for palmitoleic acid to arachidonic acid
  • Triglycerides
    Triester of three fatty acids with glycerol; can be saturated or unsaturated
  • Phospholipids
    Two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate; major component of plasma membranes
  • Steroids
    Characterized by four rings; functions in membranes, signaling, and emulsification
  • Lipid (Fat-Soluble) Vitamins
    • Accumulates in the body; includes retinol, 𝑎-tocopherol, calciferol
  • Acrolein Test

    Tests for the presence of glycerin or fats; positive results for glycerol, coconut oil, lecithin, and oleic acid
  • Test for Unsaturation
    Addition of Hubl’s solution to determine unsaturated lipids; positive for unsaturated fatty acids