Gender identity and schooling

• What is the focus of the study material?

  Gender differences in education
• How do pupils' school experiences relate to their identities?

  They reinforce their gender and sexual identities
• Who argues that schools reproduce 'hegemonic masculinity'?

  Connell (1995)
• What does 'hegemonic masculinity' refer to?

  The dominance of heterosexual masculine identity
• What do feminists argue about school experiences?

  They act as a form of social control
• How do verbal abuse and labeling affect girls in school?

  • Girls are put down through name-calling
  • This reinforces conformity to male expectations
  • It limits their self-expression and confidence
• What do Lees (1985) note about boys calling girls derogatory names?

  It happens if they appear sexually available
• What is the impact of negative labeling on boys in school?

  It reinforces their masculine identities
• What do pupils do to each other's sexual identities?

  They police one another's identities
• How do Mac an Ghaill (1992) describe working-class boys' culture?

  As using verbal abuse to reinforce masculinity
• What do teachers reinforce through their interactions with boys?

  Gender identities and expectations
• What do male teachers tell boys about their behavior?

  To behave like 'real boys'
• What is the effect of the male gaze in schools?

  It objectifies girls and reinforces gender norms
• How do male pupils view their female peers?

  As sexual objects to be judged
• What are the key ways schools reinforce gender identities?

  • Verbal abuse and negative labeling
  • Teacher interactions and expectations
  • Policing of sexual identities among peers
• What do male pupils do to girls who do not conform?

  They label them negatively
• What do teachers often overlook in their interactions?

  Gender identities of their students
• How does the male gaze affect classroom dynamics?

  It creates a culture of objectification
• What do male pupils often do to assert dominance?

  Engage in verbal abuse
• What is the role of male teachers in reinforcing gender norms?

  They often support traditional masculinity
• How do boys' subcultures affect their academic performance?

  They prioritize masculinity over academics
• What are the implications of gender differences in education?

  • Reinforcement of traditional gender roles
  • Impact on self-esteem and identity
  • Influence on academic performance and behavior
• What did Lee (1996) find about male teachers?

  They reinforced gender identities by telling boys off.
• How did male teachers reinforce gender identities?

  By telling boys off for 'behaving like girls'
• What is the male gaze in educational settings?

  It objectifies female pupils as sexual objects.
• What do double standards refer to in education?

  Different moral standards applied to groups.
• How did Lees (1993) describe boys' behavior towards girls?

  Boys boast about their sexual exploits.
• What are the characteristics of female peer groups in education?

  • Policing identity
  • Working-class girls face symbolic capital
  • Competing for boys' attention
• What did Archer find about working-class girls?

  They face symbolic capital in peer groups.
• How do female peer groups affect girls' identities?

  They shape identities through competition for boys.
• What is the impact of 'slut-shaming' in schools?

  It labels girls negatively for their behavior.
• What does 'frigid-shaming' refer to?

  It shames girls for not conforming to sexual norms.
• What are the social control labels used in schools?

  • 'Slut-shaming'
  • 'Frigid-shaming'
  • Policing of sexual identities
• How do female peers influence each other's identities?

  Through social control and competition.
• What did Ringrose (2013) find about working-class girls?

  They faced tension between idealized identities.
• What is the relationship between female peer groups and identity?

  They create tension between different identities.
• How do girls navigate their identities in schools?

  By balancing peer expectations and personal values.
• What is the significance of symbolic capital in education?

  It influences social status among peers.
• How do labels affect boys and girls differently in schools?

  Boys are often praised, girls are shamed.
• What role does competition play in female peer groups?

  It shapes identities and social dynamics.