midterm

• Oxidizing Agents


  • Value as germicides depend upon the liberation of oxygen in the tissues (peroxides)
  • Ability to denature proteins (permanganates)
  • Especially effective against anaerobic bacteria
  • Can be used in cleansing wounds
• Hydrogen Peroxide


  • 2-3%
• Hydrogen Peroxide


  1. Bubbles that form during the liberation of oxygen help to dislodge debris

  2. Effectiveness is somewhat limited by its poor penetrability and transient action
• Carbamide Peroxide


  • Stable complex of urea and hydrogen peroxide
  • Liberates hydrogen peroxide when mixed in water
  • Used as both antiseptic and disinfectant
  • Especially effective in the treatment of oral ulcerations or in dental care
• Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide


  • Panoxy 2.5%, 5%, 10%
• Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide


  • Most effective topical OTC agent for the control of acne
  • Keratolytic and keratogenic agent
  • MOA: Induces proliferation of epithelial cells, leading to sloughing and repair
  • S/E: Dryness
• Iodine


  • One of the oldest known germicides in use today
• Iodine preparations official in the USP

  • Jodine Tincture: 2% solution of iodine in 50% alcohol with Nal
  • Lugol's Solution/ Strong Iodine Solution: 5% iodine in water with KI
  • Iodine Solution: 2% iodine in water with Nal
• Inorganic iodide salts


  • Present to solubilize the iodine and reduce its volatility
• Iodophors


  • Complexes of iodine and non-ionic surfactants
  • Retain germicidal properties of iodine
  • Reduce volatility and remove irritant properties
• Povidone-Iodine


  • Betadine
• Povidone-Iodine


  • Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-Iodine
  • Used as an aqueous solution for presurgical disinfection of the incision site
  • Used to treat wounds and damage to the skin
  • Effective for local bacterial and fungal infections
• Chlorine-Containing Compounds


  Release of hypochlorous acid (HCIO): Chlorination of amide nitrogen atoms and oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in proteins
• Halazone


  • Used to disinfect drinking water
• Chloroazodin


  • Used to disinfect wounds
  • Used as packing for dental caries and for lavage and irrigation
  • Glyceryltriacetate solution used as wound dressing
• Oxychlorosene Sodium


  • Used to treat localized infections to remove necrotic tissue from massive infections or radiation necrosis
  • Counteract odorous discharges
  • Act as an imitant and disinfect cysts and fistulas
• Cationic Surfactants


  • Quaternary ammonium compounds that ionize in water and exhibit surface-active properties
  • MOA: Adsorb onto surface of the bacterial cell, causing lysis
  • Inactivated by soaps and other anion detergents
  • Tissue constituents, blood, serum, and pus tend to reduce the effectiveness of these substances
• Benzalkonium Chloride


  • Merthiolate-New
• Benzalkonium Chloride


  • Used as detergent, emulsifying agent, and wetting agent
  • Used with sodium nitrate as a preservative
• Adsorb onto surface of the bacterial cell

  Cause lysis
• Inactivated by soaps and other anion detergents
• Tissue constituents, blood, serum, and pus tend to reduce the effectiveness of these substances
• Benzalkonium Chloride


  • Used as detergent, emulsifying agent, and wetting agent
  • Used with sodium nitrate as a preservative
• Methylbenzethonium Chloride


  • Used specifically for the treatment of diaper rash in infants caused by Bacterium ammontagenes (causes liberation of ammonia in decomposed urine)
• Cetylpyridinium Chloride


  • Used as a general antiseptic
  • Available in throat lozenges and mouthwashes
  • FDA approved for the treatment of gingivitis
• Chlorhexedine gluconate


  • Used as irrigation solution and as mouthwash
  • Not absorbed through skin or mucous membrane and does not cause systemic toxicity
• DYES


  • Cationic dyes are active against gram-positive bacteria and many fungi
  • Gram-negative bacteria are generally resistant
• Gentian Violet


  • Primary dye in gram-staining
  • Available as vaginal suppositories for the treatment of yeast infections
  • Available as topical solutions for the treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infections
  • Used orally as an anthelmintic for strongyloides and Oxyuriasis
• Basic Fuchsin


  • Ingredient of carbol-fuchsin solution (Castellani's paint), used topically in the treatment of fungal infections such as ringworm and athlete's foot
• Methylene Blue


  • Antidote for cyanide poisoning
  • In high concentrations, promotes the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin, used to treat drug-induced methemoglobinemia
  • Used for the treatment of cystitis and urethritis, bacteriostatic
• MERCURY COMPOUNDS/ MERCURIALS


  • MOA: Reacts with SULFHYDRYL (-SH) groups in enzymes and other proteins
  • Uses: Antiseptic, disinfectant, and preservatives
• MERCURIC CHLORIDE


  • Corrosive sublimate, HgCl2
• MERCUROUS CHLORIDE


  • Calomel, Hg2Cl2
• Ammoniated Mercury


  • White precipitate, used for skin infections
• NITROMERSOL was once a very popular antiseptic for skin and ocular infections
• THIMEROSAL


  • Weak bacteriostatic antiseptic applied topically in ointments or aqueous solutions