Blood

• Hematocrit

  • % of total blood volume composed of RBC
  • Male: 47%
  • Female: 42%
• Plasma

  • 55% of whole blood component
  • least dense component
• Plasma proteins

  • make up 7% of plasma

  3 Major Classes

  • albumin
  • globulin
  • fibrinogen
• Formed elements

  • buffy coat (leukocyte & platelets) : <1%
  • erythrocytes : 45%, most dense
• Red blood cells

  • biconcave disk
  • no nucleus
  • contains hemoglobin

  Function

  • transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Types of White Blood Cells

  Agranulocytes

  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil

  Granulocytes

  • Lymphocyte
  • Monocyte
• Neutrophil

  • most common
  • remain in blood for 10-12 h then move to tissues
  • 2-4 lobes
  • light pink/reddish purple granules
  • phagocytizes microorganisms
  • first to arrive at the site of injury
• Eosinophils

  • bilobed
  • orange red/bright red granules
  • reduce inflammation
  • attacks parasites
• Basophils

  • least common
  • two indistinct nucleus
  • blue purple granules
  • releases histamine and heparin
• Monocytes

  • largest sized
  • round, kidney, horse shoe shaped nucleus
  • contains more cytoplasm
  • precursor of macrophages
  • phagocytic cell in blood
• Lymphocyte

  • round nucleus
  • cytoplasm forms ring around nucleus
  • produces antibodies
  • immune response
• Platelet

  • cell fragment
  • forms platelet plug
  • releases chemicals for blood clotting
• Albumin

  • 60% of plasma protein
  • smallest plasma protein
  • contributes to osmotic pressure
  • carriers of hormones, metabolites, drugs
• Globulin

  • 35% of plasma protein
  • immunoglobulin: produced by lymphocytes
  • non immune globulin: produced by liver
  • transport globulin transports ion, hormones other compound
• Fibrinogen

  • 4% of plasma proteins
  • participates in clot formation
  • turns into fibrin
  • forms lipoproteins with albumin
• Platelet Derived Growth Factor

  • mitotic stimulant secreted by platelets and endothelial cells
  • stimulates fibroblasts and smooth muscle to multiply and repair
• factor XII catalyzes formation of a plasma enzyme called kallikrein
• Kallikrein

  • converts inactive protein plasminogen into plasmin that breaks down clot
• Transfusion reaction/Agglutination

  • clumping of blood cells (bad)
• Antigens

  • molecules on surface of erythrocytes
• Antibodies

  • proteins in plasma
• Blood groups

  • named according to antigen
• Hemolytic Disease of Newborns

  • occurs when mother produces anti Rh antibodies that cross placenta then agglutination and hemolysis of fetal erythrocyte occurs
  • can be prevented if treated with RhoGAM (contains antibodies against Rh antigens)
• CBC

  • provides info such as RBC count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, WBC count
• Hemoglobin

  • determines amt of hemoglobin
  • indicate anemis
• Prothrombin time

  • time it takes for blood to begin clotting (9-12s)
• WBC count

  • total no. of WBC
• WBC differential count

  • determines % of each 5 kinds of leukocytes
• Leukopenia

  • low WBC count
  • caused by radiation, chemotherapy drugs, tumors, viral infections
• Leukocytosis

  • high WBC count
  • caused by infections and leukemia