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• Ribosomes are complex molecular machines found within cells that play a fundamental role in protein synthesis. They are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, and they are responsible for translating the genetic information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.
• Organelles are specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells. The term literally means “little organs.” In the same way organs, such as the heart, liver, stomach, and kidneys, serve specific functions to keep an organism alive, organelles serve specific functions to keep a cell alive.
• Chlorophyll is a pigment that gives plants their green color, and it helps plants create their own food through photosynthesis.
• Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell, mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular respiration, the process by which cells generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Here's an overview of the structure and functions of mitochondria:
• Function: Mitochondria are the primary sites of ATP production through cellular respiration, providing the energy necessary for various cellular processes.
• Importance: ATP is the main energy currency of the cell, and without it, essential cellular functions, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and biosynthesis, would not be possible. Therefore, mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell.
• • Function: The Golgi apparatus is involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids synthesized by the cell. It plays a crucial role in protein trafficking and secretion, as well as the formation of lysosomes.
  • Importance: The Golgi apparatus ensures that proteins and lipids synthesized by the cell are properly processed, sorted, and transported to their appropriate destinations. It is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, cell-cell communication, and overall cell function.
• Nitrogenous Base: This is a nitrogen-containing molecule that gives each nucleotide its identity. There are five types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides:

  • Adenine (A)
  • Thymine (T) (in DNA) or Uracil (U) (in RNA)
  • Guanine (G)
  • Cytosine (C)
• A gene is a fundamental unit of heredity that carries instructions for the development, functioning, and characteristics of living organisms. Genes are segments of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), a molecule that contains the genetic information necessary for the growth, development, and functioning of all living organisms.
• Phases of mitosis

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. cytokinesis
• Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells. During prophase, the complex of DNA and proteins contained in the nucleus, known as chromatin, condenses.
• DNA: DNA is typically double-stranded and forms a double helix structure. Each strand of DNA consists of a long chain of nucleotides, which are made up of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine).
•  transcription and delivery of genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where proteins are made. RNA also has catalytic, structural and regulatory roles.
• A chromosome is a structure found in the nucleus of a cell that carries genetic information in the form of genes. Chromosomes are made up of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), along with proteins that help support and organize the DNA.