family and households

• Honschild (2013): Emotion work- the responsibility of managing the emotions and feelings of family members
• Parsons (1955)

  Instrumental role- the husband has the responsibility of financially providing for the family, a breadwinner

  Expressive roles- the woman has the duty to care for the family's emotional needs and primary socialisation
• Bott (1957)

  Segregated roles- men as breadwinner, women as housewife

  Joint- couples share housework and spend leisure time together
• Young and Willmott found a pattern of segregated roles in Bethnal Green in the 50s. The man played little role in the family life, and spent leisure time with workmates at men's clubs. Women stayed at home and looked after their children, with the help of female relatives, who they often spent leisure time with
• Oakley (1974)

  Only 15% of men help with housework and 25% help with childcare. Husbands were more likely to help with the more pleasurable aspects of childcare, which means women don't reap the rewards and spend the remainder of their time cleaning
• Warde and Herrington (1993)

  Sex-typing of domestic tasks remained strong. Women were 30x more likely to be the last person who had done the washing and men were 4x time more likely to be the last person who washed the car. Men would only carry out female tasks if their partner wasn't there to do it
• Gershuny (1994)Women working full-time do a more equal share of domestic labour

  Sullivan (2000) If both partners worked full time, women had a lesser share of domestic labour

  British Social Attitudes survey (2018)

  1984- 43% agreed with traditional domestic roles

  2017-8% agreed
• British Social Attitudes survey (2018) Men on average did 8 hours of housework per week, women did 13 hours
• Allan (1985) Female tasks such as cleaning and washing are less extrinsically satisfying
• Ferri and Smith (1996) Fathers took responsibility for childcare in less than 4% of households
• Dex and Ward (2007) 78% of fathers played with their three-year-old but only 1% took the main responsibility when their child was sick
• Braun, Vincent and Ball (2001)

  In only 3/70 families studies was the father the main carer but most were background fathers and looking after their child was more about their relationship with their partners. Fathers saw themselves as the breadwinner and women saw themselves as primary caregivers, which could be a result of 'intensive mothering' in the media
• Southerton (2011)

  Co-ordinating, managing and scheduling quality time together usually falls onto the mother. Men have consolidated blocks of leisure time whereas women's free time is punctuated by childcare
• Cultural explanations for inequality in the domestic division of labour

  Gershuny (1994) Couples whose parents had a more equal division of labour, which shows that role models are important
• Kan (2001) Men claimed to do more housework than their fathers did and women claimed to do less than their mother did
• British Social Attitudes Survey (2018) 47% of people over 75 disagreed with traditional roles whereas 75% of under 35s disagreed
• Dunne(1999)

  In same-sex couples, the absence of gender scripts creates a more equal domestic division of labour
• Kan (2001) For every £10,000 more a woman makes per year, she does 2hrs less of housework a week
• Arber and Gin (1995) Middle-class women are more likely to be labour-saving devices, ready meals, childcare and domestic help
• Ramos (2003) Where the woman is in full time employment and the man is unemployed, the division of labour is equal
• Sullivan (2003) Working full-time rather than part-time makes the biggest difference in terms of how much domestic work the partner does