Properties

• Coniferous tree
• Layers of pine needles and pine cones
• Mor hummus. It is thick, black and acidic. Slow decomposition due to cold temperature.
• Ash grey sand texture
• Zone of Eluviation. Where materials are leached downwards.
• Clearly defined layers due to lack of biota.
• Zone of illuviation. Where material is gathered and deposited. Iron is deposited here and cements together to from an iron pan.
• Iron pan. Limits drainage and encourages gleying.
• Red/ dark brown
• Shallow soil as slow weathering of parent material e.g. Fluvoglacial.