Properties

• Deciduous tree
• Abundant leaf litter.
• Mull hummus. Dark brown, loamy texture and mildly acidic.
• Presence of soil biota (worms) mixes the soil creating indistinct horizons.
• Soil biota helps aerate the soil, limiting leaching of iron and aluminium.
• Long roots to access water and nutrients deep below the surface.
• Roots help break up parent material.
• Upward movement of water by capillary action encourages mixing of soil.
• Darker brown
• Weathered parent material (schist).