anatomy

• Superior indicates above or higher, while inferior denotes below or lower.
• Anterior means front or forward, while posterior refers to back or behind.
• Medial is used to describe structures closer to the midline of the body, whereas lateral signifies structures further away from it.
• Proximal means nearer to the point of origin or attachment, while distal implies farther away from that location.
• External means outside the body, while internal signifies inside the body.
• Cranial is toward the head, while caudal is toward the tail.
• Superficial refers to structures located close to the surface of the skin, while deep indicates structures situated deeper within the body.
• body cavities are the spaces within the body that are filled with fluid and are separated by membranes
• foramina: holes through which nerves and blood vessels pass.
• synarthrosis - immovable
• Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable joints, like the knee and ankle
• Diarthrosis - freely moveable joints, such as the shoulder or elbow
• Synovial joints have two main types: ball-and-socket (glenohumeral) and hinge (elbow)
• The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, muscles, and other connective tissues.
• Synovial cavity is lined by synovium, contains synovial fluid, and provides lubrication and nutrition to articular cartilage.
• Articulating surfaces are covered by hyaline cartilage, except at points where they meet bone, where fibrocartilage covers them.
• fibrous joints have no joint cavity and little to no movement
• cartilaginous joints allow limited movement between bones
• uniaxial joints are hinge and pivot joints
• biaxial joints are gliding and saddle joints
• multiaxial joints are ball-and-socket joints
• the more mobility a joint has, the less stability
• cervical division of the spinal cord: C1-C7
• thoracic division of the spinal cord: T1-T12
• lumbar division of the spinal cord: L1-L5
• sacral division of the spinal cord: S1-S5
• coccygeal division of the spinal cord: Co1-Co4
• nucleus polposus - inner gelatinous nucleus that gives the disc its elasticity and compressibility, behaves like a rubber ball
• vertebral column is divided into five regions: cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (fused vertebrae) and coccyx (3-4 fused vertebrae)
• annulus fibrosus - surrounds the nucleus fibrosus and limits its expansion when compressed
• C1-C7 exit vertebral canal superior to vertebrae. C8 emerges inferior to C7 vertebra. All other nerves exit inferior to vertebra that they take their name from
• roots - lie medially and are either sensory or motor, dorsal carries sensory information, ventral carries motor
• rami - fused roots that contain both sensory and motor nerves
• motor nerves are somatic while sensory nerves are autonomic
• vertebral arch joint: zygopophysial
• vertebral body joint: IV disc
• C1 to C7 nerves exit superior to vertebrae, C8 nerve exits inferior to C7
• roots lie medial - inside the vertebrae body, rami lie distal - outside the body
• suture is a fibrous joint
• example of fibrous gomphosis is a periodontal ligament holding a tooth in the socket