CBET2

• Electro-Surgical Unit (ESU)


  • Used to cut and/or coagulate tissues
  • Monopolar and Bipolar
  • Frequency range: 100KHz to 4MHz
  • Test load: 500 ohms
• ECMO


  • Removes CO2 from blood
  • Stands for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
• Heart-Lung Bypass Machine


  • Consists of a pump and gas exchanger
  • Operated by a Perfusionist
• Tourniquet


  • A constricting or compressing device used to control venous and arterial circulation to an extremity for a period of time
• Lithotripsy


  • A method of crushing kidney stones without surgical incisions
  • Operates at 1MHz
• Insufflator


  • Uses CO2 to inflate the surgical cavity during surgeries like laparoscopy
• Therapeutic Ultrasound


  • Used to provide heat therapy for rehab patients using conductive gel
• Radiant Warmer and Incubator


  • Reduce caloric expenditure for the newborn
  • Incubator provides a thermoneutral environment
• Diagnostic Ultrasound


  • Frequency Range: 1-15MHz
  • Non-invasive and safe
  • Can distinguish interfaces between soft tissues
• Bili Light


  • Light therapy tool to treat newborn jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia)
  • Operates at 420-470 nm
• Waste Anesthesia Gas Disposal (WAGD)


  • System to remove anesthetic agent from the room environment
• IABP (Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump)


  • Facilitates recovery by reducing cardiac workload
  • Works on the concept of counter-pulsation
  • Helium is used to inflate balloon
• Soda Lime Cartridge


  • Absorbs CO2
  • Changes color to purple or pink
• Oxygen Flush


  • “Straight Shot” of O2 from supply to delivery point within anesthesia machine
  • Flow rate: 35/75L per minute
• PISS and DISS


  • Safety system to prevent wrong gas cylinder/wall outlet connections
• Hypoxic Guard System


  • Automatically maintains the ratio of N2O:O2
  • Max ratio: 3:1, Min ratio: 4:1
• Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA) Pump


  • Allows a patient to self-administer medication in a controlled manner
• IV Pump – Standard Features

  • Air-in-line sensors 2. Anti-free flow IV set 3. Occlusion alarm 4. Microprocessor to control infusion 5. Near empty alarm 6. Keep Vein Open (KVO) function
• Dangers of Infusion

  • Air embolism
  • Free uncontrolled flow to the patient
  • Occlusion to the patient
  • Over/under infusion
  • IV bag running out of fluid
  • Vein closing when infusion is complete
• Syringe Pump


  • Used to deliver medication slowly over a period of time
• Cardiotocography (CTG)


  • Technical method for recording the fetal heart rate and uterine contractions
• Blood Pressure


  • Non-invasive method: Auscultatory using sphygmomanometer
  • Direct method: Using arterial line and a transducer
• Transducer


  • Device that converts one type of energy into another
• Scalp Electrode


  • Used for internal measurement of fetus’ heart rate
• Cardiac Ablation


  • Works by scarring or destroying tissue in the heart that triggers an abnormal heart rhythm
• Pacemaker

  • Used to pace the heart
  • Two inputs: Current and Pulsed Pace Mode in transcutaneous pacing
  • Invasive pacemakers also exist
• Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (ICD)


  • An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
• Automated External Defibrillator (AED)


  • Meant to be used by anybody
  • Used for defibrillation
• Defibrillator


  • Used to resuscitate
  • Last ditch effort
  • Energy unit: Joule
  • Normal test load: 50 ohms non-inductive
• Cardioversion


  • Defib mode used to address atrial fibrillation
  • Defib is in SYNC with the R-wave
  • Shock delivered after 25-30ms after R-wave
• Chart Speed for ECG Machine

  • 22mm/s
  • 50mm/s
  • 100mm/s
  • Standard: 25mm/s
• Impedance Pneumography


  • Method to derive respiratory rate from limb leads
• Einthoven’s Law


  • The electrical potential of lead II can be determined by summing the electrical potentials of the other two bipolar limb leads (I+III=II)
• Limb Leads

  • RA=White
  • LA=Black
  • LL=Red
  • Tip: White on right, smoke(black) over fire(red)
• Standard Limb Leads


  • Bi-polar – Known as Limb Leads I, II, III
  • Lead I: right arm(RA) and left arm(LA)
  • Lead II: right arm(RA) and left leg(LL)
  • Lead III: left arm(LA) and left leg(LL)
• Pulse Oximetry (SpO2)

  • Measures blood oxygenation
  • Non-invasive
  • Ratio of red light (650nm) and infrared light (950nm) absorption in the blood
• Medical Equipment Functionality


  • Diagnostic or Therapeutic
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)


  • Electric representation of the cardiac conduction cycle
  • Acuity driven: 3-lead, 5-lead, 10-lead or true 12-lead
• Medical Equipment

  • High-Risk: Risk of serious injury or death
  • Non-High Risk: Everything else