Combined biology flashcards

• Define cancer

  Uncontrolled growth and division of cells
• How might a faulty heart valve be treated?

  replaced with: pig heart valve or artificial mechanical valve
• What is the cause of coronary heart disease?

  A layer of fatty material builds up in the coronary arteries which narrows them
• Explain the use of antibiotics

  Cure bacterial diseases by killing infective bacteria inside the body
• List 6 plant tissues and give their functions

  > epidermal tissue: protective covering

  > palisade mesophyll: photosynthesis takes place

  > spongy mesophyll: air spaces to allow for diffusion

  > xylem and phloem: movement of water and dissolved sugars
• Give the 2 word equations for anaerobic respiration

  In plants: glucose —> carbon dioxide and ethanol

  In animals: glucose—> lactic acid
• Define metabolic rate


  Rate of chemical reaction in cells
• Define stem cell


  Undifferentiated cell which can differentiate into any type of cell
• What is meant by cell differentiation

  When a cell becomes specialised to carry out a particular function
• Link each enzymes to its substrate

  Carbohydrase: carbohydrate

  Protease:protein

  Lipase: lipids
• List the substance that are transported in and out of the cell via diffusion.

  > Oxygen

  > Carbon Dioxide

  > Urea
• Describe how a virus causes disease.

  Viruses live and produce inside of cells causing cell damage
• List three sources of stem cells

  > Embryos

  > Meristem tissue (in plants)

  > Bone marrow
• Define osmosis.


  Movement of water over a partially permanent membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution.
• Define active transport.


  The movement of substances from low to high concentration using energy from respiration.
• Describe the difference between benign and malignant tumours

  Benign tumours are contained in one area usually in a membrane. Malignant tumours invade other tissues and spread in the blood
• Name the 5 components of the lungs

  Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, capillary network
• Sequence the process of mitosis 


  Sub-cellular structures replicate

  Cell grows

  DNA replicates

  Chromosomes are pulled to each end of cell

  Nucleus divides

  Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide

  Two genetically identical daughter cells
• Give a fungal disease 


  Rose black spot

  Athletes foot

  Thrush
• List 3 viral diseases and their effects

  Measles: fever, red skin rash

  HIV: flu-like symptoms leads to AIDS

  Tobacco mosaic virus: affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis
• Give a disease caused by a protist 


  Malaria
• List the uses of energy from respiration

  Chemical reactions to build larger molecules

  Movement

  Keeping warm
• List the ways white blood cells fight disease

  Phagocytosis (engulfing)

  Antibody production

  Antitoxin production
• Define pathogen 


  A disease causing micro-organisms
• List the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

  Carbon dioxide concentration

  Temperature

  Light intensity

  Chlorophyll concentration
• In photosynthesis what is meant by the term limiting factor? 


  The factor that prevents the rate of photosynthesis increasing
• Give the word equation for photosynthesis

  Carbon dioxide + water —> Glucose + Oxygen
• What is the role of a placebo?

  A fake drug to check the efficacy of the drug
• Explain the use of painkillers

  Used to treat symptoms of disease
• How does a vaccine work?

  1. Introduce small quantities of dead or inactive pathogen

  2. White blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies

  3. If the same pathogen re-enters the body, white blood cells respond quickly by producing more antibodies more quickly
• List the stage in the development of drugs

  Preclinical trials (cells, tissues and animals), Clinical trials (voluntary patients)
• Describe the long term effects of exercise on the heart and lungs

  Increased lung volume

  Increased heart stroke volume
• Describe the short term effects of exercise

  Increased heart rate and breathing rate
• Describe a double blind drug trial


  Neither the patient nor the doctor know who receives the placebo
• Give factors that can increase the rate of a disease

  Smoking

  Alcohol

  Obesity

  Carcinogens

  Ionising radiation
• What are carcinogens?

  Substances that can cause cancer.
• List the first lines of defence against infection

  Skin

  Nose

  Trachea and bronchi

  Stomach
• List 2 bacterial diseases and their effects

  Salmonella: fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea.

  Gonorrhoea: yellow discharge from penis or vagina
• List the uses of glucose in plants

  Used in respiration, converted to starch in Leaves, lipids in seeds, cellulose for cell walls, amino acids for proteins
• Describe the component parts of the blood


  Red blood cells, White blood cells, Plasma, Platelets