WK2 LEC PR

• Week 2: The Central Dogma
• Mendelian Genetics
• Dominant Traits


  Traits that are expressed
• Recessive Traits


  Traits that are covered up
• Alleles


  Different forms of a characteristic
• Punnett Squares


  Show how crosses are made
• Probability


  Chances or percentages that something will occur
• Genotype


  Types of genes (alleles) present
• Phenotype


  What it looks like
• Homozygous


  Two of the same alleles
• Heterozygous


  Two different alleles
• Genetics


  Study of genes
• Inheritance


  How traits, or characteristics, are passed on from generation to generation
• Chromosomes


  Made up of genes, which are made up of DNA
• Genetic Material (Genes, Chromosomes, DNA)


  Found inside the nucleus of a cell
• Gregor Mendel
• Gregor Mendel is considered "The Father of Genetics"
• Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk
• Gregor Mendel experimented with pea plants
• Gregor Mendel used pea plants because they were available, reproduced quickly, and showed obvious differences in traits
• Factor


  Something that carries traits from one generation to the next
• Particulate Hypothesis of Inheritance
• Parents pass on to their offspring separate and distinct factors (genes) that are responsible for inherited traits
• Mendel crossed true-breeding plants with distinct and contrasting traits to test the particulate hypothesis
• Mendel's Plant Breeding Experiments (Garden Pea)
• Gregor Mendel was the first to apply an experimental approach to the question of inheritance
• For eight years, Mendel bred pea plants and recorded inheritance patterns in the offspring
• Mendel probably chose to work with peas because they are available in many varieties
• Mendel's use of peas gave him strict control over which plants mated
• Typical Breeding Experiment
• Analysis of genetic crosses leads to an understanding of genetic crosses
• P Generation
• F1 Generation
• F2 Generation
• Seven Characteristics in the Garden Pea
• Many human disorders follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance
• Cystic Fibrosis
• Strike one out of every 2,500 whites of European descent but is much rarer in other groups
• One out of 25 whites (4%) is a carrier
• The normal allele codes for a membrane protein that functions in chloride ion transport between certain cells and the extracellular fluid