Sullivan
Cards (51)
- the first American to construct a comprehensive personality theory, believed that people develop their personality within a social context
- Sullivan's Interpersonal Theory Stages
- ● Healthy human development rests on a person’s ability to ____ with another person, but unfortunately, ____ can interfere with satisfying interpersonal relations at any age.
- Sullivan (1953) saw personality as an ____
- Energy can exist either as____ (potentiality for action) or as ___themselves (energy transformations).
- transforms tensions into either covert or overt behaviors and are aimed at satisfying needs and reducing anxiety
- Tension is a potentiality for action that may or may not be experienced in ____
- Sullivan recognized two types of tensions:
- ____ usually reproductive actions, whereas ___ leads to nonproductive or disintegrative behaviors
- ___ are tensions brought on by biological imbalance between a person and the physiochemical environment, both inside and outside the organism.
- once they are satisfied, they temporarily lose their power, but after a time, they are likely to recur.
- Although needs originally have biological component, many of them stem from the _____
- The most basic interpersonal need is _____
- Types of needs:
- ___: Interpersonal (tenderness, intimacy, and love) and Physiological ( food, oxygen, water, and so forth)
- (may also satisfy general needs): oral, genital, and manual
- A second type of tension, differs from tensions of needs in that it is disjunctive, is more diffuse and vague, and calls forth no consistent actions for its relief
- T/F: Anxiety as a tension is transferred from the parent to the infant through the process of "empathy."
- T/F: Whereas other tensions result in actions directed specifically toward their relief, anxiety produces behaviors that (1) prevent "people from learning form their mistakes", (2) keep people "pursuing a childish wish" for security, and (3) generally ensure that "people will not learn from their experiences."
- Because anxiety is painful, people have a natural tendency to avoid it, inherently referring the state of ____, or complete lack of tension
- “the presence of anxiety is much worse that its ___”
- Energy transformations become organized as typical behavior patterns that characterize a person throughout a lifetime. called these _____, a term that means about the same as traits or habit patterns
- Dynamisms are of two major classes:
- e related to tensions. This second class is composed of three categories—the _____
- characterized by the feeling of living among one’s enemies
- Experiences of punishment and disapproval that infants receive from their mothering one (me personifications)
- Intimacy grows out of the earlier need for_____ but is more specific and involves a close interpersonal relationship between two people who are more or less of equal status.
- an isolating tendency, independent of the need for another person's involvement for satisfaction
- It can lead to autoerotic behavior, even when directed towards another individual
- Particularly potent during adolescence, where it may decrease self-esteem.
- hinder the development of intimate relationships (related to dynamism)
- e most complex and comprehensive of all human dynamisms.
- It functions to maintain interpersonal security and shield individuals from anxiety
- Experiences with reward and approval (me personifications
- An infant denies these experiences to the me image so that they become part of the not-me personification
- imaginary friends
- 3 LEVELS OF COGNITION
- experiences that are impossible to put into words or to communicate to others. earliest and most primitive
- prelogical and nearly impossible to accurately communicate to others. They can be communicated to others only in a distorted fashion
- can be symbolically communicated take place on a syntaxic level