P'medicinal

• Anti-infectives


  • Anti-septics
  • Chemotherapeutic
• Joseph Lister


  Father of antiseptic surgery
• Joseph Lister introduced phenol/carbolic acid (first antiseptic)
• Joseph Lister used phenol or Carbolic Acid as antiseptic for use in surgical procedures and post traumatic injections
• Phenol or Carbolic Acid is used as antiseptic for ward fever
• Paul Ehrlich


  Father of chemotherapy
• Paul Ehrlich discovered Salvarsan or Arsphenamine or compound Croce (first chemotherapeutic)
• Salvarsan or Arsphenamine or compound Croce contains Arsenic
• Salvarsan or Arsphenamine or compound Croce treats syphilis
• Treponema pallidum is the causative agent of syphilis
• Anti-septic


  A substance that kills (cidal) or prevents (-static) the growth of microorganisms when applied to living tissue
• Decontamination- destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms
• Disinfectant


  A substance that prevents infection by the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms when applied to inanimate objects
• Sanitation


  Reduction to a level acceptable for public health
• Sanitation a level acceptable for public health
• Sterilization kills all types of microorganisms including spores
• Germicides are compounds used locally to kill microorganisms
• Local anti-infectives or germicides

  • Alcohol & Related Compounds
  • Phenols & Related Compounds
  • Oxidizing agents
  • Halogen containing compounds
  • Cationic Surfactants
  • Dyes
  • Heavy Metals
  • Preservatives
• Alcohol & Related Compounds

  • The higher the number of carbon, the higher the antibacterial property (up to carbon #2)
  • Activity increases with molecular weight until 08 (Octanol) only
  • Branching tends to increase antibacterial property
  • Water solubility and potency increase with molecular weight
• Alcohol USP is the most widely abused of all recreational drugs
• Alcohol USP is manufactured from fermentation of grain or hydration of ethyl
• Denatured alcohol is ethanol rendered unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by the addition of other substances
• Isopropyl alcohol is primarily used to disinfect the skin and surgical instruments
• Alcoholic beverages and their alcohol content

  • Vodka (usually 40%)
  • Brandy (35%-60%)
  • Rum (37.5%-80%)
  • Gin (40%-50%)
  • Whiskey (40%-61%)
  • Rectified Spirit (95%-96%)
• Ethylene oxide is used to sterilize temperature-sensitive medical equipment and items that cannot be autoclaved
• Formaldehyde solution is a sterilizing solution for equipment and instruments that cannot be autoclaved
• Glutaraldehyde (Cidex®) is a sterilizing solution for equipment and instruments that cannot be autoclaved
• Phenol was introduced as a surgical antiseptic by Joseph Lister
• Phenol coefficient is the ratio of the dilution of a disinfectant to the dilution of phenol required to kill salmonella typhi
• Liquefied phenol contains 10% water
• 1. Chlorostenol is used in common disinfection
• Phenol (Carbolic Acid)
• Joseph Lister introduced phenol as a surgical antiseptic
• Phenol exhibits germicidal activity and acts as a local anesthetic
• Liquified Phenol contains 10% water
• 1. Chlorostenol is used in combination with camphor in liquid petrolatum
• 1. Chloro-M-Xylenol is used at 2% in shampoo and for athlete's foot and jock itch
• Hexachlorophene is basily absorbed onto the skin and enters sebaceous glands (neurotoxicity)
• Chlorocresol is a preservative obtained from coal tar or petroleum
• Thymol (Isopropyl m-cresol) is a mild anti-fungal used for the treatment of tinea capitis