BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

• Large organic molecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
• Large organic molecules

  • Energy storage
  • Protection
• Carbohydrates


  Carbon; Hydrates - Primary source of energy in the human body
• Saccharide


  Another term for carbohydrate
• monosaccharides

  one saccharides, example dextrose from utilized by our body
• Galactose

  Milk products
• Fructose

  fruits honey
• Disaccharides - two saccharides

  Examples: Maltose - malt (glucose + glucose)
• Sucrose - table sugar, sugarcane (glucose + fructose)
• Lactose - milk (glucose + galactose)
• Polysaccharides


  Many saccharides
• Polysaccharides


  • Starch/Amylose
  • Amylopectin
  • Glycogen
  • Cellulose
• Starch/Amylose


  • Storage form of glucose in plants
• Amylopectin


  • Storage form of glucose in plants
• Glycogen


  • Storage form of glucose in animals (liver and muscles)
• Cellulose


  • Structural material in plants (cell wall)
• Lipids and Fats


  Materials for cell membrane, insulation to maintain body temperature, aids in digestion, signal molecule
• Classification of Lipids

  • Triglycerides
  • Phospholipids
  • Steroids
  • Waxes
• Triglycerides


  Glycerol and fatty acid
• Fat


  Solid triglycerides from meat, milk, butter, egg, cheese
• Oil


  Liquid triglycerides from plant sources - olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil
• Phospholipids


  • Eggs
  • Liver
  • Shell fish
  • Cereal grains
• Wax


  Nonpolar lipids
• Steroids


  • Cholesterol
• Saturated


  • Solid state in room temperature
  • Sources: whole milk, butter, cheese, coconut oil, vegetable oil, fried foods, peanut
• Excessive consumption of saturated fats may lead to heart disease
• Excessive consumption of saturated fats increases LDL (bad cholesterol)
• Unsaturated


  • Liquid state in room temperature
  • Sources: walnuts, avocado, sunflower oil, canola oil, red meat
  • Good for consumption but excessive may lead to increase in cholesterol
  • Increases HDL (good cholesterol)
• Proteins

  Made up of CHON and sometimes sulfur
• Proteins

  Made up of amino acids
• Proteins


  • Required for the structure, function and regulation of the body's tissues and organs
• Structural proteins

  • Keratin
  • Fibroin/silk protein
• Keratin


  Found in hair, nails and skin
• Fibroin/silk protein


  Found in silk<br>Silk has a smooth, soft texture<br>It is one of the strongest natural fibers that have high resistance to deformation<br>A good insulating material
• Types of proteins

  • Collagen
  • Myoglobin
• Collagen


  Insoluble fibrous protein found in connective tissues such as tendons, ligaments, skin, cartilage and the cornea of the eye
• Collagen is 30% of proteins found in animals
• Myoglobin


  Polypeptide that stores oxygen in muscles
• Heme group


  Has an iron where the oxygen is stored
• Enzymes


  Catalyze chemical reactions (speed up or lower the needed energy for a reaction to take place or bind substances to their specific partners)