EATING BEHAVIOURS

avatar
Created by
Jasmine Singh

Cards (11)

  • EVOLUTIONARY EXPLANATION FOR FOOD PREFERENCES?
    • EEA, African Savannah, Seligman
    FOOD PREFERENCES
    • salt (sweat), sweet (energy, dopamine), fats (calories, dopamine), sour (expired), bitter (poisonous)
    + Harris et al (smile, cereal, babies) but subtle, immobile
    + Gibbs and Wardle (4 to 5, bananas, potatoes) but negative RWA
    + Rosenstein + Oster (lip pursing/ mouth gaping)
    TASTE AVERSION LEARNING
    • innate predisposition to avoid dangerous foods
    • nausea/ sickness
    • all ages
    + Garcia et al (saccharin, radiation, no conditioning) but extrapolation
    + Bernstein + Webster (RWA, chemotherapy, scapegoat, classical conditioning)
    FOOD NEOPHOBIA
    • innate predisposition to avoid any new foods
    • all animals
    • common ages 2 to 6
    + Ratcliffe et al (constricted diets, no neophobia, adaptive) but fails to consider social/ cultural factors, reductionist (Brown and Ogden, correlation)
  • LEARNING EXPLANATION FOR FOOD PREFERENCES?
    BEHAVIOURIST
    • classical conditioning (flavour-flavour learning - preference due to association with liked flavour)
    • operant conditioning (direct reinforcement, rewards)
    -. aversive better explained by evolutionary
    SOCIAL INFLUENCES
    • Bandura
    • observation, imitation, role models, mental representations, social world and consequences, vicarious reinforcement
    + Brown and Ogden but Hare-Brunn (8-10, Danish, correlation, TV hours and preferences, 6 years later, boys decreased, girls gone)
    + Kotler et al (familiar TV character, try if associated, RWA) but unfamiliar salty over familiar healthy
    CULTURAL INFLUENCES
    • cultural norms
    • meat eating
    • culture and learning
    + Rozin (phone, 6000, 10/ 50, large/ small) but response bias
  • NEURAL AND HORMONAL MECHANISMS?
    AO1:
    • dual-centre model
    • ventromedial hypothalamus, "off switch", activated in high glucose, hyperphagia
    • leptin, fatty tissues, lowest hungry, rise as eat, satiety
    • lateral hypothalamus, "on switch", activated in low glucose, aphagia
    • ghrelin, stomach/ small intestine, lowest after meal, rise as abstain, hunger
    AO3:
    + Anand + Brobeck (lateral, aphagia) but Woods (emergency, reductionist, lifestyle)
    + Hetherington + Ranson (ventromedial, hyperphagia, obese) but Gold (precise, PVN damage) but extrapolation
    -. Valassi et al (CCK, duodenum, nerve from gastrointestinal tract, hypothalamus, satiety, more powerful suppressant, serotonin/ dopamine)
  • ANOREXIA NERVOSA - BIOLOGICAL?
    GENETIC
    • Guisinger's 'adapted to flee famine' hypothesis
    • restricting food intake, denial of starvation, hyperactivity
    • loss of excess weight triggers
    + men/ other animals/ times but expect more male instances
    + Holland (56%, 5%) and Holland + Treasure (65%, 32%) but only 65% (methodological issues, family dynamic, cognitive vulnerability, media and no specific genes) so diathesis-stress model
    -. refuse if available, reductionist
    NEURAL
    • serotonin, fewer receptors = anxiety
    • fear of weight gain so restrict diet
    + Kaye (PET scans of ill and recovered) but recovered so other factors and no cause and effect (brain changes)
  • ANOREXIA NERVOSA - PSYCHOLOGICAL - FAMILY SYSTEMS?
    AO1:
    • Minuchin proposed traits of family
    • enmeshment, overprotection, rigidity, conflict avoidance
    • autonomy, control
    AO3:
    + Goldstein (longitudinal, 5 years, disorder, criteria, healthy/ schizophrenic, involved/ conflict avoidance/ protect/ support) but researcher interpretations, scientific credibility
    + RWA (therapy, Goldstein controls) but Kaye (biological differences, reductionist) but malnutrition
    + still refuse to eat but no cause and effect (enmeshment/ overly involved)
    + high adolescence rates but increase with media/ change over time (Becker, TV, Fiji)
    + more holistic but Aragona et al (no difference in enmeshment/ rigidity of clinical and non-clinical)
  • ANOREXIA NERVOSA - PSYCHOLOGICAL - SLT?
    AO1:
    • observation, role models (modify social norms), identification, vicarious reinforcement
    • media = symbolic models, cultural ideas, cognitive distortions
    AO3:
    + Ditmarr (laboratory, 162 British girls, Barbie/ Emme, control, self-esteem/ silhouette, identify) but beta bias but Jones + Morgan (bigorexia)
    + Becker (Western TV, Fiji, 74% too fat, 83% influenced, 69% diet, 40% losing as success, case increase) and (predicting factor, social network media exposure, number > hours) but deterministic
    + Chisuwa + O'Dea (rate increase, Japan, thinness ideal replaced traditional plump values) but diathesis-stress model (same role models)
  • ANOREXIA NERVOSA - PSYCHOLOGICAL - COGNITIVE THEORY?
    AO1:
    • cognitive distortions (process unhealthy, perception errors, weight-based schemas, preoccupied)
    • irrational beliefs (all or nothing, catastrophic, negative self-labelling) - overgeneralising/ magnifying/ minimising/ magical thinking
    AO3:
    + McKenzie (interview AN, same age control, overestimate, ideal, snack) but not explain cause (just maintained), why not all (dissatisfied but no anorexia)
    + Sternheim et al (thematic analysis, 29, 57 control, catastrophising interview) but interviewer bias
    + soft determinism = recovery control, RWA
  • OBESITY - BIOLOGICAL?
    GENETIC
    • FTO gene (16, enzyme, fat mass, higher ghrelin)
    + Frayling et al (38k European, carriers 1 variant 1kg more, 2 variants 3kg more) but biological determinism
    • MC4R gene (no protein, leptin, hypothalamus, stop eating)
    + GIANT consortium study (700k, 125 studies, 114 variants, 13 genes, risk 1 in 5000, 7kg more) but only explain small number (160 million in Europe, risk gene lower)
    + Turner et al (9 years old, part MC4R deleted) but idiographic
    • evolutionary theory (preferences, availability, inherited genes previous benefit)
    + explains increased obesity but cross-cultural differences
    NEURAL
    • brain structures (ventromedial hypothalamus, excessive, no response to diet/ exercise)
    + Hetherington + Ranson but only explains brain damaged
    • biochemistry (dopamine, low, overeat)
    + Wang (obese, control group, low dopamine response) but reductionist (media cues, disinhibited, dieting more susceptible)
  • OBESITY - PSYCHOLOGICAL?
    AO1:
    RESTRAINT THEORY
    • Herman + Polivy
    • overweight stop by restrained eating
    • self-impose unrealistic targets
    • low self-control, high food control strategy
    • eating driven by regime not hunger
    DISINHIBITION
    • overweight trying not to be obese
    • vulnerable to environmental cues, preoccupied
    • media trigger 'loss of control' eating
    • cues = anxiety, comfort, 'what the hell' effect
    BOUNDARY MODEL
    • less sensitive to satiety
    • smaller zone of indifference
    • vulnerable to social/ cognitive factors
    AO3:
    + Wardle + Beales (random allocation, 27 obese women, diet/ exercise/ neither, offering) but Savage (6 years, longitudinal, 163 females, restrained eating linked to weight decrease)
    + Hays et al (questionnaire, 638 healthy women, higher disinhibition association with higher adult weight gain/ BMI) but restrained eating not linked to overeating
  • DIETING - FAILURE?
    RESTRAINT THEORY
    • target to eat smaller, not eat until full
    • preoccupied, higher biological drive
    • break and overeat
    BOUNDARY MODEL
    • higher satiety boundary
    • set cognitive boundary (want to stop)
    • eat more, 'what the hell' effect
    + Wardle + Beales (random allocation, 27 obese women, diet/ exercise/ neither) but sample, beta bias, generalisability
    BIOLOGICAL
    • more ghrelin production
    • greater physical desire to eat, higher hunger
    + Cummings et al (24% ghrelin increase on low calorie diet), RWA but biological determinism
    IRONIC PROCESSES THEORY
    • Wegner et al
    • bell, white bear
    • try suppress thoughts, think more
    + RWA (support diet) but laboratory experiments, ecological validity
  • DIETING - SUCCESSES?
    POSITIVE THINKING
    • interest, positive
    • increased success with cognitive therapy
    + Kruger et al (successfully lost weight, track/ plan/ weigh), own internal mental processes but determinism
    GROUP-BASED DIETS
    • social/ practical support, e.g. Weight Watchers
    • motivate, role models
    • interventions, therapy, health advice, exercise = moderate but sustained weight loss
    + Miller-Kovach et al (social support methods, more successful over 2 years, compared to individual regimes) but not universal, accessible