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• Noong 1770, ang 13 kolonyag Amerikano ay nagbigay daan sa pagdeklara ng Kalayaan mula sa Britanya at humantong sa pagkaing UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• Naganap ang Declaration of Independence

  1776
• Natalos ang pwersa ng mga Britanya sa Yorktown at lumaya ang Amerika

  1781
• Mga patakarang tinutulan at sinang-ayunan ng 7 Years' War

  • Sugar Act (1764)
  • Stamp Act (1765)
  • Townshend Act (1767)
  • Intolerable Acts
• Charles Townshend, isang pulitikong Ingles, nagpatibay ng mga patakaran ukol sa pagtatas ng mga kolony
• Boston Tea Party - isang protesta ng mga Amerikano laban sa taxation without representation, inapon nila ang 342 kahon ng tsaa sa Massachusetts noong Disyembre 1773
• Boston Massacre (1770) - namatay ang 5 Amerikano at marami ang sugatan
• Patriot


  Mga rebolusyonaryong Amerikano na naggawa ng pag-aalsa sa kolony
• Loyalist


  Mga nanatiling tapat sa Haring Ingles
• Noong Abril 1775, nagkaroon ng sagupan sa Concord at Lexington, mga bayan malapit sa Boston, 350 ang namatay
• Sa Philadelphia, nagkita-kita ang mga kinatawan ng 13 kolony at bumuo ng Sandatahang Lakas, si George Washington ang piniling pinuno
• Pinahayag ng Continental Congress ang Declaration of Independence

  Hunyo 4, 1776
• Si Thomas Jefferson ang pangunahing may-akda ng Deklarasyon ng Kalayaan
• Ang "No Taxation Without Representation" ay isang saway ng mga kolony
• Ang "Strike and Run" ay isang taktika ng mga Amerikano sa labanan
• Nagpadala ang Britanya ng 60 mersenaryong sundalo upang labanan ang mga Amerikano at sakupin ang New York
• Sumuko sa Saratoga ang 6,000 sundalong mersenaryo sa pamumuno ni General John Burgoyne

  1777
• Nakipag-alyansiyang militar ang Pransya sa Amerika dahil sa panghikayat ni Benjamin Franklin
• Nilagdaan ang Treaty of Paris, nagpahayag ito ng pagkilala ng Britanya sa Kalayaan ng 13 Kolony


  1783
• Cleaning


  The process of removing food and other types of soil from a surface, such as a dish, glass, or cutting board
• Cleaning agent


  • Must be selected carefully because not all cleaning agents can be used on food-contact surfaces
• Categories of cleaning agents

  • Detergents
  • Solvent cleaners
  • Acid cleaners
  • Abrasive cleaners
• Detergents


  Used to routinely wash tableware, surfaces and equipment. Can penetrate soil quickly and soften it
• Detergents

  • Dishwashing detergent
  • Automatic dishwasher detergent
• Solvent cleaners


  Used periodically on surfaces where grease has burned on. Also called degreasers
• Solvent cleaners

  • Methylated spirit (alcohol-based solvent)
  • White spirit (petroleum-based solvent)
• Acid cleaners


  Used periodically on mineral deposits and other soils that detergents cannot remove. Often used to remove scale in ware washing machines and steam tables
• Acid cleaners

  • Vinegar (acetic acid)
  • Lemon (citric acid)
• Abrasive cleaners


  Used to remove heavy accumulations of soil that are difficult to remove with detergents. Some are also disinfectants
• Sanitizing


  The process of using heat, radiation, or chemicals to kill harmful microorganisms
• Sanitizing methods

  • Hot water
  • Steam
  • Heat sanitizer
  • Hot air
• Three compartment or three compartment sink

  Water must be at least 17°F or 77°C
• High-temperature ware washing machine

  Water must be at least 180°F or 82°C
• Stationary rack single temperature machine

  Water must be at least 165°F or 74°C
• Sanitizing testing

  • Chlorine
  • Iodine
  • Quaternary ammonium
• Sanitizer testing kits


  Must be used to accurately test the strength of a sanitizing solution. Kits are not interchangeable, so the correct kit must be used
• Advantages and disadvantages of different chemical sanitizers

  • Chlorine
  • Iodine
  • Quaternary ammonium compounds