CELL BIOLOGY

• CELLS ARE THE UNITS OF LIFE
• CELLS ARE MICROSCOPIC COMPONENTS OF ALL OGRANISMS
• ROBERT HOOKE IS THE FIRST PERSON TO SEE CELLS. HE VIEWED CORK WITH CRUDE LENS IN THE LATE 17TH CENTURY
• CELL THEORY - ALL LIFE IS COMPOSED OF CELLS
• ALL CELLS HAVE DNA RNA RIBOSOMES
• TWO MAJOR CATEGORIES OF CELLS

  EUKARYOTIC CELLS, PROKARYOTIC CELLS
• * LARGER

  * MORE COMPLEX

  * HAVE MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES

  * FOUND IN PROTISTS, PLANTS, FUNGI, ANIMALS

  EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• * SMALLER

  * SIMPLER

  * LACK MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES

  * FOUND IN BACTERIA AND ARCHES

  PROKARYOTIC CELLS
• * Domain eukarya contains organisms with complex cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals)

  * Most eukaryotic are much larger than prokaryotic


  COMPLEX CELLS
• §  Uniquely contain specialized structures called organelles.

  §  Intracellular that performs specific functions

  §  Common organelles in eukaryotic

  ORGANELLES
• PRODUCE ATP


  MITOCHONDRIA
• SERVES AS THE SKELETON

  MICROTUBULES
• ENGULF AND TRANSPORTS MATERIALS

  VACOULES
• CONTRUCT PROTEIN FROM RNA

  RIBOSOMES
• §  Into four phases- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase


  MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS
• §  Chromosomes coil up ~ nuclear envelope breaks down (PROPHASE) ~ mitotic spindle moves the chromosomes to the middle of the cell (METAPHASE) ~ sister chromatids then separate, then moved to the opposites of cells (ANAPHASE) ~ 2 new nuclei is form (TELOPHASE) ~ physical process of cell division (CYTOKINESIS)
• Chromosomes coil up ~ nuclear envelope breaks down

  PROPHASE
• mitotic spindle moves the chromosomes to the middle of the cell

  METAPHASE
• sister chromatids then separate, then moved to the opposites of cells

  ANAPHASE
• 2 NEW NUCLEI IS FORM

  TELOPHASE
• PHYSICAL PROCESS OF CELL DIVISION

  CYTOKINESIS
• §  Basis of sexual reproduction

  §  Begins with parent cell (DIPLOID)

  §  Parent cell undergoes one round of DNA replication

  §  2 separate cycles of nuclear division

  §  Results in 4 daughter cells (HAPLOID)

  MEIOSIS
• §  GREGOR MENDEL – first to study the science of hereditary

  §  Started with purebred varieties of pea plants

  §  Crossed different varieties and traced the inheritance of traits.


  GENETICS AND HEREDITY
• FIRST TO STUDY THE SCIENCE OF HEREDITARY

  GREGOR MENDEL
• ·         Portion of DNA

  ·         Determines a specific trait

  ·         Responsible for the expression of traits

  ·         Do not occur in pair

  ·         Hair color, hairline shape, eye color

  GENE
• ·         Specific form of gene

  ·         Responsible for the varioations

  ·         Occur in pairs

  ·         Blac eyes, blonde hair, v-shaped hairline

  ALLELE
• §  Gene can exist in more than one form of allele

  §  Organisms inherit two alleles

  §  When sex cells are produces, allele separates

  §  One dominant, one recessive

  MENDEL'S LAW OF SEGREGATION
• §  Genes do not influence each other

  MENDEL'S LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
• §  ROSALIND FRANKLIN – first x-ray image of DNA

  §  Using x-ray crystallography

  §  JAMES WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK – discovery of DNA structure

  §  DNA

  DNA STRUCTRE
• FIRST X-RAY IMAGE OF DNA

  ROSALIND FRAKLIN
• DISCOVERY OF DNA STRUCTURE

  JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK