Describe 1 social explanation for addictive behaviours (10)

• Para 1 - peer influence + SLT

  One social psychological explanation for addictive behaviour is peer influence, particularly through Social Learning Theory (SLT) and perceived social norms. SLT, proposed by Bandura (1977), suggests that individuals learn behaviours by observing role models, especially those they identify with. If the role model is seen engaging in an addictive behaviour like smoking and is rewarded socially (e.g. gaining status or being seen as 'cool'), this acts as vicarious reinforcement. The observer is more likely to imitate the behaviour, expecting similar rewards. This is particularly relevant during adolescence, when peer groups become a major influence. For example, a teenager might see their peers vaping and getting attention or fitting in, which encourages them to start as well.
• Para 2 - social norms, descriptive norms, injunctive norms

  Perceived social norms also contribute to addiction. According to Borsari and Carey (2001), there are two types: descriptive norms (what we think others do) and injunctive norms (what we think others approve of). If a student believes their peers drink heavily (descriptive norm) and that this is accepted or encouraged (injunctive norm), they are more likely to do the same. Perkins and Berkowitz (1986) found that students often overestimate how much others drink and how acceptable it its. This misperception leads individuals to increase their own alcohol consumption, maintaining or escalating addictive behaviour. This explanation highlights how addiction is also shaped by social environments.