kahit yung research nalang maging okay 'wag na ako

• How do we know things?
• Research


  • Not mere info gathering
  • Not rummaging for information
  • Not a catchword to get attention
• Research


  • Finding out something and making it public
  • Advancing knowledge and understanding
  • Careful, diligent, exhaustive investigation of a specific matter
• Tools for Research


  • Library
  • Computer and its software
  • Measurement Tools
  • Statistics
  • The Human Mind
  • Language
• Elements of Research


  • Topic
  • Purpose
  • Participant
  • Setting
  • Time Scale
• Characteristics of a Good Research

  • Empirical
  • Logical
  • Cyclical
  • Analytical
  • Critical
  • Methodical
  • Replicable
• Qualitative Research


  Explore ideas, formulate hypotheses/theories, investigate phenomenon
• Quantitative Research


  Testing hypotheses and theories
• Qualitative Research Analysis


  • Summarizing, categorizing, interpreting
• Quantitative Research Analysis


  • Math and statistical analysis
• Qualitative Research Expression


  • Words
• Quantitative Research Expression


  • Statistics, graphs, tables
• Qualitative Research Sample


  Few respondents, depending on the research's purpose
• Quantitative Research Sample


  Many respondents
• Qualitative Research Questions


  • Open-ended
• Quantitative Research Questions


  • Close-ended, multiple choice, surveys, questionnaires
• Qualitative Research Types


  • Case study, phenomenological, ethnography
• Quantitative Research Types


  • Correlational, survey, experimental
• Research Process


  • Define Problem
  • Review of Related Literature
  • Formulating Hypothesis
  • Research Design
  • Collecting Data
  • Analyzing Data
  • Interpret and Report
• Basic Research


  Expand knowledge
• Applied Research


  Apply knowledge, solve problems
• Ethical Codes


  • Honesty
  • Objectivity
  • Integrity
  • Carefulness
  • Openness
  • Confidentiality
  • Responsible Publication
  • Responsible Monitoring
  • Respect for Colleagues
  • Social Responsibility
  • Non-discrimination
  • Legality
  • Human Subject
• Qualitative Research Weaknesses


  • Not Generalizable
  • Potential Subjectivity
  • Lack of Numerical Data
  • Inconsistent Findings
  • Time Consuming
• Qualitative Research Strengths


  • Adaptability and Flexibility
  • Enhances Data Validity
  • Helps Generate Hypothesis
  • Explores Complex Issues
  • Provides In-depth Understanding
• Importance of Qualitative Research


  • Perceives what's happening
  • Produces unexpected findings
  • Provides foundation for quantitative research
• Qualitative Research Designs


  • Grounded Theory
  • Narrative Report
  • Discourse Analysis
  • Content Analysis
  • Phenomenological
  • Biographical
  • Ethnological
  • Case Study
• Qualitative Data Collection Methods

  • In-depth Interviews
  • Focus group
  • Participant Observation
  • Field Notes
  • Visual Methods
  • Diaries & logs
• Purposeful Sampling Techniques


  • Maximum variation Sampling
  • Homogeneous sampling
  • Snowball sampling
• Other Sampling Techniques


  • Convenience sampling
  • Theoretical sampling
  • Quota sampling
• Statement of the Problem

  Serves as the foundation, framework, and protection for the entire research
• Importance of Statement of the Problem

  • Defines research focus
  • Guiding the process
  • Identifies the gap
  • Informs practical application
  • Evaluates the outcome
• Characteristics of Statement of the Problem

  • Focused
  • Clear
  • Researchable
  • Relevant
  • Context
• Review of Related Literature


  Involves reviewing, summarizing, and synthesizing existing scholarly literature relevant to the research topic or problem under investigation
• Purposes of Review of Related Literature

  • Obtain background knowledge of your research
  • Relate your study to the current condition of the world
  • Expand the findings of previous research
• Process of Review of Related Literature


  • Search for literature
  • Read the source material
  • Writing the review (Summarizing, Paraphrasing, Quoting)
• Purposes of Citation


  • Importance
  • Credibility
  • Source
  • Avoid plagiarism
• Appreciation of Citation


  • Acknowledgement
  • References
  • Citation or in-text citation
• Types of In-Text Citation

  • Narrative citation
  • Parenthetical Citation
• Components of Introduction


  • Trends
  • Issues
  • Objectives
  • Contributions
• Theoretical Framework


  Provides a basis for analyzing your data and interpreting your findings