APHG

• hinterland


  the trading area that surrounds a city; the often uncharted areas beyond
• site


  for a city, it's specific location
• situation


  for a city, it's relative location and setting based on its access and role in the larger spatial area (trade nexus, defense post, etc.)
• hearths of urban settlements


  Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River Valley, Northern China, Mesoamerica
• gateway cities

  established by European powers in Latin America and elsewhere as control centers for the colonial government
• urbanization

  the rapid growth of, and migration to, large cities
• rural-to-urban migration

  movement of people from the country to a major city, usually in search of better economic opportunity
• supercity


  a very large city
• megalopolis


  a group of supercities that have merged together into one large urban area
• world city


  a city that serves as an important linkage or connection point in the global economic system; examples are London, New York City, Singapore, Dubai
• megacity


  a metropolitan area with a population of 10 million or more; they can suffer from a number of urbanization challenges, depending on site and situation
• suburbanization


  movement of people from urban core areas to surrounding outer edges; American phenonmenon
• edge cities


  formation of the industrial and office parks, apartments and condominium, gated communities, and commercial operations in the suburban areas, creating new complexes that are more self-sufficient
• primate city


  theory by Jefferson, which proposed this city is at least twice as large as the next largest city in the country, and more than twice as significant
• rank-size rule


  theory proposed by Zipf, which states that if all cities in a country are placed in order from the largest to the smallest, the rate of decrease in size of each city's population is large at first but quickly slows. (Second largest city is one half, third largest city is one third, etc.)
• central place theory


  Christaller's theory that cities exist for economic reasons, and people gather in those cities to share goods and ideas. Cities are distribution centers in this theory.
• gravity model


  a theory about spatial interaction based on Newton's law of gravity; larger places attract more people, ideas & goods than smaller places; cities closer together have a greater attraction
• central business district


  the center of every urban land use model; the area of skyscrapers, business headquarters, large banks, etc.
• bid-rent curve


  the concentric circles of the concentric zone model are based on the amount people will pay for the land
• basic sector


  workers who produce goods and services for individuals outside the urban area; produce an income flow of new money into the city
• non-basic sector


  workers who produce goods and services for people employed within the urban area; do not generate an income flow into the city
• uneven development


  when some areas receive lots of investment dollars, while other areas receive only token amounts; a major concern in some U.S. cities
• segregation


  physical separation of two groups of a population; in the United States this is racial and income based, which remains an issue in US cities
• urban sprawl


  a development unique to the United States where suburban growth creates an automobile dependent space; resulted from separate-use designations for commercial, residential, etc.
• urban renewal


  process of identifying properties in inner-city neighborhoods that are then acquired, cleared of residents and structures, and then handed over to private investors or public agencies for construction of new spaces; criticized for reducing low-cost housing and destroying older neighborhoods' sense of community
• public housing


  government-constructed and regulated low-income residences
• gentrification


  process of middle-class and higher-income families renovating older neighborhoods, where houses belonged historically to wealthy and are often cheap; critics claim it diverts government funds from low-income housing and uses it for middle-class renovation
• congregation


  minority groups based on ethnicity, religion, culture or lifestyle live closer together to provide support and minimize conflict with non-minority groups
• ghettoization


  the concentration of a certain group of residents to a certain area against their will through either legal means or practices of social discrimination
• new urbanism


  urban design movement of 1980s in the U.S.; main emphasis was to return to a sense of community and earlier neighborhoods, with sidewalks and pedestrian-friendly access to services and residences
• green building


  practice of building structures that uses materials and processes known to be environmentally safe and resource-efficient; typically takes advantage of renewable resources, and green roofs
• Concentric zone model


  Created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925.

  
• Sector Model (Hoyt)


  A model or urban land use that places the central business district in the middle with wedge-shaped sectors radiating outwards from the center along transportation corridors.

  
• Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris-Ullman)


  A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities.

  
• Latin America Urban Model


  CBD and traditional market; spine from CBD for wealthy

  
• Galactic City Model


  mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways

  
• African City Model


  model that suggests that African cities have more than one CBD, which is a reminiscent of colonialism

  
• Urbanization


  Movement of people from rural areas to cities
• Epochs of Urban Growth (Borchert)

  Describes urban growth based on transportation technology; each new form of technology produced a new system that changed how people moved themselves and goods in and between urban areas
• urban hierarchy


  a ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity