topic 7 - animal coordination, control and homeostasis

• Hormones


  Messengers in the body that tell different parts what to do
• Glands that make hormones


  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal glands
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
• Hormone transportation

  Hormones travel in the blood plasma to reach the parts of the body they need to tell what to do
• Adrenaline

  A superhero hormone that gets you ready for action when you're scared or stressed
• Adrenaline's effects


  1. Makes your heart beat faster

  2. Increases your blood pressure

  3. Increases blood flow to your muscles so you can run or fight

  4. Tells your liver to release sugar into your blood for quick energy
• Thyroxine


  A hormone that controls how fast your body works, like a gas pedal in a car
• Thyroxine regulation


  1. When you don't have enough thyroxine, your body tells your brain to make more

  2. Your brain then tells your thyroid gland to make more thyroxine until you have enough

  3. When you have enough thyroxine, it tells your brain to stop making more
• Menstrual cycle


  A monthly check-up for a woman's body
• Hormones that control the menstrual cycle


  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
• Menstrual cycle

  1. Estrogen makes the lining of the uterus grow

  2. Progesterone helps keep the uterine lining healthy

  3. If a woman doesn't get pregnant, her body sheds the lining of the uterus, and that's what causes a period
• Hormonal contraception


  Birth control methods that use hormones to prevent pregnancy
• How hormonal contraception works


  1. Hormones tell the body that it's already pregnant, so it doesn't release an egg

  2. Hormones also make the cervical mucus thicker so sperm can't swim to the egg
• what does pancreas release

  insulin and glucagon
• Thyroid gland


  • Produces thyroxine
  • Regulates metabolism, growth, and energy production in the body
• Pancreas

  • Produces insulin
  • Helps regulate blood sugar levels by allowing cells to take in glucose from the bloodstream for energy or storage
• Adrenal glands

  • Produce adrenaline
  • Involved in the body's stress response and prepares the body for "fight or flight" situations by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to muscles
• Ovaries


  • Produce estrogen
  • Involved in the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and maintenance of bone health
• Testes


  • Produce testosterone
  • Responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass
  • Plays a role in sperm production and libido
• Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)


  Techniques like In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and clomifene therapy to help individuals or couples conceive a child when natural conception is difficult
• IVF (In Vitro Fertilization)

  1. Hormones are used to stimulate the ovaries to produce multiple eggs

  2. Synthetic hormones called gonadotropins are used, which mimic the actions of naturally occurring hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

  3. These hormones help to regulate the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, which contain the eggs

  4. Once the eggs have matured, they are retrieved from the ovaries and fertilized in a laboratory setting

  5. Hormonal medications may also be used to prepare the uterus for embryo implantation
• Clomifene Therapy


  1. Clomifene is a medication that is used to stimulate ovulation in women who have irregular menstrual cycles or who do not ovulate regularly

  2. It works by blocking the action of estrogen receptors in the brain, which in turn stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland

  3. These hormones then stimulate the ovaries to produce and release eggs, increasing the chances of conception
• In both IVF and clomifene therapy, hormones are used to manipulate the reproductive system and optimize the chances of successful conception
• These techniques have helped many individuals and couples overcome infertility issues and achieve their goal of starting a family