4th quarter

• Geographical hazard maps are specialized maps that indicate the hazard susceptibility of areas
• Geologic mapping is vitally important to education, science, business & a wide variety of public policy concerns
• Hazard mitigation involves actions taken to reduce or eliminate long term risks caused by hazards or disasters
• Types of mitigation techniques

  • Prevention
  • Property protection
  • Public education and awareness
  • Natural resource protection
  • Emergency services
  • Structural projects
• Hazard mitigation plan revision process

  1. Organize resources & build the planning team

  2. Develop the plan's risk assessment

  3. Assess capabilities

  4. Develop the mitigation property

  5. Determine plan maintenance process

  6. Obtain mitigation plan approval & adaption
• Hydro-meteorological hazards


  Caused by extreme meteorological & climate events, such as: floods, droughts, hurricanes, landslides, etc
• Hydrometeorology


  Branch of meteorology & hydrology that studies the transfer of water & energy between land surface and lower atmosphere
• Typhoon


  • Low pressure area rotating counter-clockwise & contains warm air that forms over warm water in western Pacific Ocean
• Thunderstorm


  • Weather conditioning produces lighting & thunder, heavy rainfall from cumulonimbus clouds & possible tornado
  • Violent local atmospheric disturbance
• Flashflood


  • Occurs within a short period of time, generally within 6 hours
• Flood


  • Overflow of water onto normally dry land, occurs after 6 hours
• Storm surge


  • Rise of sea water above normal sea level
  • Generated by weather elements, like cyclonic wind & atmospheric pressure
• El Niño


  • Refers to large-scale ocean atmosphere climate interaction linked to periodic warming sea surface temperatures across east-central equatorial Pacific
• La Niña


  • Referred to as cold phase of ENSO, El Niño as the warm phase of ENSO
  • Deviations from normal surface temperatures can have large-scale impacts not only on ocean process also on global weather & climate
• Fire triangle


  Oxygen, heat, fuel - are frequently referred to as fire triangle, add in fourth element, the chemical reaction tetrahedron
• Fire


  • Rapid oxidation of material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion
  • Fire is hot because the conversion of the weak double bond in molecular oxygen
• Flames


  • Visible portion of fire
  • Consist of primarily carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen & nitrogen
  • If hot enough, gases may become ionized to produce plasma
• Types and classes of fire and how to attack them

  • Class A (Solids) - could be paper, cardboard, furnitures, common in offices & manufacturing & structure of building, water extinguisher should never used near electrical equipment
  • Class B (Liquids) - fluids, liquids, chemicals in workplace, solvents, fuels, inks, paints, rare but more deadly than other type of fire, foam or powder extinguishers
  • Class C (Gases) - could be natural gas, LPG or other types of gases, the only safe method is to shut off the gas supply, dry powder extinguisher
  • Class D (Metals) - not often thought as combustible material, can be sodium, water can act as accelerant on metal fires, dry powder extinguisher
  • Electrical fires - not strictly a class of fire, because electricity is more source of ignition than fuel, electrical fires can fall into any of these classifications, it is not the electricity burning but surrounding material that set alight by electric current, you shouldn't use water, carbon dioxide & dry powder in low voltages situations, always turn off power supply if you can
  • Class F/K (Cooking fats/oils) - deep fat frying & spillages of flammable oils, wet chemical extinguisher, you could also use fire blanket