Dna structure

• DNA= sequence of nucleotides
• DNA Complementary Base-Pairing


  • Adenine interacts with Thymine (2 Hydrogen bonds)
  • Guanine interacts with Cytosine (3 hydrogen bonds)
  • Easier to break bond between A & T than G & C
• Sugar Phosphate Backbone


  • Phosphodiester bond (Strong covalent bond, formed between the 5' end of one nucleotide and the 3' end of another nucleotide)
• Drug-induced Lupus


  Autoimmune reaction, Immune plasma cells generate antibodies that target histone proteins, Destruction and injury to cells
• Drugs that can Induce SLE

  • Sulfonamides
  • Hydralazine
  • Isoniazid (INH)
  • Procainamide
  • Phenytoin
• Huntington's Disease


  ↑deacetylation, Tighten interaction between histone and DNA, DNA cannot be transcribed, ↓transcription of growth factors, Transcriptional dysregulation of Huntington's protein, Destruction of nerve since they do not have the proper stimulus to grow, Injury to basal ganglia, Hyperkinetic movement disorder
• Inhibition of purine/ pyrimidine synthesis


  • Inhibit replication of cancer cells, bacteria, viruses, parasites, and immune cells
• Inhibit Purine Synthesis


  • 6-Mercaptopurine (Immunosuppressant)
  • Azathioprine (Immunosuppressant)
  • Ribavirin (Antiviral)
  • Mycophenolate (Immunosuppressant)
• Inhibit Pyrimidine Synthesis


  • Methotrexate (Immunosuppressant)
  • Trimethoprim (Antibacterial)
  • Pyrimethamine (Antiparasitic)
• Inhibit Purine/ Pyrimidine Synthesis


  • Hydroxyurea (Anticancer)
• NUCLEAR PORE


  Proteins that allow movement of molecules to and from

  the nucleus and cytoplasm

  
• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE Outer membrane


  Contain ribosomes

  mRNA come out of nuclear pore, bind with the ribosome

  in the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope and

  transported to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) to

  be translated into proteins

  
• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE Inner membrane


  Lamins Provides structural framework for nucleus

  o Allows interaction with chromatin

   genes are expressed

   replication
• NUCLEAR ENVELOPE Inner membrane



  Progeria

  o Mutation that leads to absence of Lamin A

  o Rapid aging