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UNIT TWO- AQA A Level Biology
Prokaryotic cells & virus structures
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Rahail Kahsay
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Prokaryotic cells
Smaller
in size
No
membrane-bound
organelles
Have
ribosomes
but they are
smaller
in size
No
nucleus
Have a
cell wall
made of
murein
May contain
plasmids
May have a
capsule
May have
flagella
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Organelles found in eukaryotic cells
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi
apparatus
Nucleus
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Ribosomes
Small structures made of proteins and
rRNA
that are responsible for
protein synthesis
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Ribosomes in prokaryotic cells
70S
ribosomes
Smaller
in size
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Ribosomes in eukaryotic cells
80S
ribosomes
Larger
in size
Eukaryotic cells also have
70S
ribosomes in
mitochondria
and chloroplasts
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Nucleus in eukaryotic cells
Nuclear envelope
with pores
Nucleoplasm
Linear chromosomes
with histones
Nucleolus
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Genetic material in
prokaryotic
cells
Circular DNA
without
histones
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Cell walls
Eukaryotic
cells: Cellulose in plants,
Chitin
in fungi
Prokaryotic
cells:
Murein
View source
Plasmids
Small loops of additional
DNA
in some prokaryotic cells, often carrying
antibiotic
resistance genes
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Capsule
Thick slimy layer outside the
cell wall
in some prokaryotic cells, protects against desiccation and
immune system
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Flagella
Rotating
tail-like
structures that propel some
prokaryotic
cells
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Virus particle
Much smaller
than a bacterial cell, ranging from 20-300 nanometers in length, can have different shapes but are often
broadly spherical
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Virus life cycle
1. Virus particle attaches to host cell surface
2. Virus
enters host cell
3. Virus
uses host cell's enzymes to produce copies of itself
4. New
virus particles
leave host cell and can
infect
new host cells
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Virus structure
Contains
genetic
material (DNA or
RNA
)
Genetic
material is contained inside a protein structure called a
capsid
Has attachment proteins on surface to allow
attachment
and entry into
host cell
Some viruses have a
lipid envelope
surrounding the
capsid
, formed from the host cell membrane
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Viruses are not
cells
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Viruses cannot reproduce independently, they must invade a
host
cell and use the host cell's enzymes to make
copies
of themselves
View source
Viruses are not considered
living
organisms
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