Microbiology

• Microbiology


  The study of microorganisms
• Branches of Microbiology


  • Pure Microbiology
  • Applied Microbiology
• Pure Microbiology


  • Taxonomic arrangement
  • Integrative arrangement
• Taxonomic arrangement


  • Bacteriology
  • Mycology
  • Phycology
  • Virology
  • Protozoology
  • Immunology
• Integrative arrangement


  • Microbial cytology
  • Microbial physiology
  • Microbial genetics
  • Microbial ecology
  • Microbial taxonomy
  • Cellular Microbiology
  • Molecular Microbiology
• Applied Microbiology


  • Medical Microbiology
  • Veterinary Microbiology
  • Public Health Microbiology
  • Industrial Microbiology
  • Pharmaceutical Microbiology
  • Agriculture Microbiology
  • Plant Microbiology
  • Soil Microbiology
  • Food and Dairy Microbiology
  • Environmental Microbiology
  • Water/Aquatic Microbiology
  • Aero-microbiology
  • Microbial Biotechnology
  • Vaccinology
  • Chemotherapy
• Binomial nomenclature


  Naming system with two names - Genus and species
• Microorganisms


  • Bacteria
  • Archaea
  • Fungi
  • Protozoa
  • Algae
  • Virus
• In 1978, Carl Woese devised a system based on cellular organization into 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
• Cell Theory


  All living things are composed of cells and come from preexisting cells
• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek described live microorganisms (Animalcules)


  1673-1723
• Spontaneous generation


  The hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter
• Biogenesis


  The hypothesis that living organisms arise from preexisting life
• Pasteur demonstrated that microbes are present in the air
• The Golden age of Microbiology


  1857-1914
• Fermentation


  The conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine
• Pasteurization


  The application of high heat for a short time to kill spoilage bacteria
• Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease was caused by a fungus
• Ignaz Semmelwise advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever
• Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections
• Koch's postulates


  Experimental steps to prove a specific microbe causes a specific disease
• Vaccination


  Inoculation with a virus to provide immunity
• Chemotherapy


  Treatment with chemicals, including synthetic drugs and antibiotics
• Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic


  1928
• According to pasteur statements which one of the following is true?

  living organism discriminate between steriosomers
• What are unsaturated fats considered beneficial for?

  They can improve blood cholesterol levels, ease inflammation, stabilize heart rhythms, and play other beneficial roles.
• In what state are unsaturated fats at room temperature?

  Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
• Where are unsaturated fats predominantly found?

  Unsaturated fats are predominantly found in foods from plants, such as vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.
• What are the two types of "good" unsaturated fats?

  1. Monounsaturated fats
  2. Polyunsaturated fats
• Which oils are high in monounsaturated fats?

  Olive, peanut, and canola oils are high in monounsaturated fats.
• What foods are high in monounsaturated fats?

  Avocados, nuts such as almonds, hazelnuts, and pecans, and seeds such as pumpkin and sesame seeds.
• Which oils are high in polyunsaturated fats?

  Sunflower, corn, soybean, and flaxseed oils are high in polyunsaturated fats.
• What are good sources of omega-3 fats?

  Fish, flax seeds, walnuts, and canola or soybean oil are good sources of omega-3 fats.
• Why are omega-3 fats important for the body?

  The body can’t make omega-3 fats, so they must come from food.
• How often should one eat fish to get enough omega-3 fats?

  One should eat fish 2-3 times a week to get enough omega-3 fats.
• What association was found between higher blood omega-3 fats and older adults?

  Higher blood omega-3 fats are associated with a lower risk of premature death among older adults.
• What percentage of daily calories does the American Heart Association suggest should come from polyunsaturated fats?

  The American Heart Association suggests that 8-10 percent of daily calories should come from polyunsaturated fats.
• What is the effect of replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat?

  Replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat can lower heart disease risk.
• What did Dutch researchers find in their analysis of trials regarding fats and carbohydrates?

  Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats decreased levels of harmful LDL and increased protective HDL when eaten in place of carbohydrates.
• What did the OmniHeart trial show about unsaturated fat diets?

  The OmniHeart trial showed that replacing a carbohydrate-rich diet with one rich in unsaturated fat lowers blood pressure, improves lipid levels, and reduces cardiovascular risk.