carbonyl/ether

• Carbonyl compounds are organic compounds that contains carbonyl group, C=O
• Aldehyde is a carbonyl group linked to an alkyl group or aryl group and one hydrogen atom. Its general formula is RCHO
• Ketone is a carbonyl group linked to two alkyl groups or aryl groups. The general formula is RCOR
• TRUE


  The boiling point increases as the number of carbon length of aldehyde andketone increase
• Aldehydes and ketones are polar molecules and readily bond with water molecules because their hydrogen can bond with the hydrogen of water. Lower aldehyde/ketones are soluble in water. As the carbon chain gets longer , the solubility decreases
• Consequently, methanone, ethanone and propanone are very soluble in water.
• Propanal and butanone are quite soluble. Butanal, pentan-2-one, pentan-3-one are slightly soluble.
• Simple aliphatic aldehydes and ketones are colourless gases, liquids or whitesolids or white solids for high members in the series.
• Pure methanal is gas at room temperature, ethanol is very volatile liquid, the rest are liquids
• Ketones and Aldehydes are chemically reactive compounds.
• FALSE


  Aldehydes are used as solvents because they are pleasant and safe when inhaled.
• Aldehydes and ketones have strong smelling odor like ethanal.
• Ethanal has pungent odor and to known to be a carcinogenic. Ethanal is produced in one metabolic pathways after drinking an alcohol beverage.
• Propanone and other lower ketones have moderately pleasant ‘sweeter odour’ than aldehyde. Acetone or nail polish remover is an example.
• Formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of plastics and in the preservation of laboratory specimens.
• Acetaldehyde is used as synthesizer in many organic compounds
• Lower ketones like propanone and butanone are used as solvents because they dissolve various organic compounds.
• Aromatic aldehyde or benzaldehyde, has the smell of almonds and used as in flavoring food.
• Aldehydes and ketones occur in essential oils from plants.
• Citral (lemon) is an aldehyde found in several species of lemon plants which is responsible in the lemon-like odor of the fruit.
• Carvone is a cyclic ketone found in spearmint and caraway oil.
• Cinnamaldehyde in cinnamon bark and vanillin in vanilla bean
• Hormones of animals and human origin contain aldehydes and ketones
• Muscone, a ketone, is a chief odoriferous contituents of musk and is used in perfumes. Muscone is from the extract of musk deer.
• Female sex hormone (progesterone), male sex hormone (testosterone)and adrenal hormone (cortisone) are all ketones
• Perspex is a dense, transparent solid. Used to make safety goggles, advertising signs, and carside light protectors
• Propanone is converted to 2-methylpropenoate, which is a monomer for the production of perspex.
• Urea-methanal- is a thermosetting polymer (cannot be softened and insoluble in any solvents) that is used for molding electrical sockets, excellent electrical insulator, is resistant to chemical attack, and is used in the manufacture of plastics.
• Cannabis or opium were used as anaesthetics and is a drug that is derived from the cannabis plant.
• British sailors administered rum before a leg amputation operation is to be carried on
• In 1799 Sir Humpry Davy, A British Chemist and inventor, tried inhaling nitrous oxide and discovered its anesthetic properties, but its use in surgery operation was ignored.
• Early of 1840s, nitrous oxide contained in bladder was used for its tranquilizing effect by Britain and United States. Later, ether in a bottle was

  used.
• Horace Wells, an American dentist, used nitrous oxide anesthesia for dental extraction but it was not successful. His patient cried during the operation.
• William Morton, an American dentist, was recognized as the first one to use true anesthesia when he administered it to his patient with neck tumor in 1846
• In 1846, American surgeon Crawford Long used ether in his practice privately until made it public in 1849.
• Ether was then used during a leg amputation by RobertListon in London.
• In Britain, Queen Victoria (1853) was given chloroform for childbirth by her physician when delivering her eight child, Prince Leopold.
• In the administration of anaesthetics, a sponge is soaked in either ether or chloroform with no dosage. The patient will then inhale this
• Trichloroethylene and halothane mixed with oxygen and nitrous oxide are used as modern inhalation anaesthetics with the aid of anesthetic machine. These are safe
• Acupuncture was used in the 20th and 21st centuries. Acupunture needles are inserted into the skin, frequently, electric current is allowed to pass through the needles.