UCSP 1

• Anthropological Perspectives


  • Unilineal Evolutionism
  • Cultural Diffusionism
  • Historical Particularism
  • Anthropological Functionalism
  • Anthropological Structuralism
  • Cultural Materialism
• Unilineal Evolutionism


  New cultural forms emerge from the past that pass through similar stages of development (e.g. Animism to Monotheism)
• Cultural Diffusionism


  Culture originates from one or more culture centers, which are results of borrowed elements of the new culture (e.g. Colonialism)
• Historical Particularism


  Each group of people has its own unique culture influenced by its history, geography, and environment (e.g. Superstitious beliefs)
• Anthropological Functionalism


  Cultural elements and practices are interrelated and interdependent and persist because they have a purpose (e.g. Actions influenced by religion)
• Anthropological Structuralism


  Cultural phenomena and practices have a relationship to one another by which human organize and structure their experiences (e.g. Family connectedness)
• Cultural Materialism


  Culture is influenced by technology, resources, economic values, and the utilization of things (e.g. Prohibition by a religion)
• Sociological Perspectives


  • Functionalism
  • Conflict Perspective
  • Symbolic Interactionism
  • Evolutionism
• Functionalism


  Society as an organized network cooperating groups operating orderly to generally accepted norms (e.g. Government to education)
• Conflict Perspective


  Social environment in a continuous struggle which is in contrast with Functionalism (e.g. Rich & Poor)
• Symbolic Interactionism


  Deals with patterns of behavior in large units of society such as organization, communities, etc. (e.g. the way humans act)
• Evolutionism


  Explains how human groups came to exist, grow, and develop (e.g. material things)
• Anthropology deals with culture and perceives society as a group of people sharing a common culture within a territory
• Sociology views society as an association organized by men with a territory
• Anthropological perspective on culture


  A unique character of every human society which includes how we think, act, and what we own
• Sociological perspective on culture


  The imprint made by people
• Enculturation


  The gradual acquisition of the characteristics and norms of a culture or group by a person, another culture, etc.
• Culture Shock


  The feeling of uncertainty, confusion, or anxiety that people experience when visiting, doing business in, or living in a society that is different from their own
• Ethnocentrism


  The tendency of each society to place its cultural patterns at the center of all things and automatically finding other cultural practices to be inferior
• Cultural Relativism


  The idea that all norms, beliefs, and values are dependent on their cultural context and should be treated as such
• Xenocentrism


  A preference for the foreign and a strong belief that one's own products, styles, or ideas are inferior to those which originate elsewhere
• Xenophobia


  The fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange, including fear of losing identity, suspicion of other group's activities, aggression, and the desire to eliminate the presence of the other group to secure a presumed purity
• Biological evolution


  The changes, modifications, and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another
• Biological evolution is based on the theory of evolution that was introduced by the famous English naturalist and geologist Charles Darwin
• Natural selection


  The outcome of a process that affects the frequencies of traits in a particular environment. Traits that enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time
• Principles of natural selection

  • Every species is made up of a variety of individuals wherein some are better adapted to their environment compared to others
  • Organisms produce progeny with different sets of traits that can be inherited
  • Organisms that have most suitable to their environment will survive and transfer these variations to their offspring in subsequent generations
• Sociocultural evolution


  The changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture
• Sociocultural evolution happens as a result of human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and population increase
• Hunting & Gathering Society


  • The oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence
  • Produce simple forms of tools used to hunt for animals and gather plants and vegetation for food
  • Frequently move and did not have permanent settlements, hence nomadic
  • Family is the basic unit
• Horticultural and Pastoral Society

  • Horticultural societies are semi-sedentary, subsist through small-scale farming, and use simple forms of old hand tools to plant crops
  • Pastoral societies' principal means of subsistence is animal domestication, they are animal herders and also engage in small-scale trading
• Agricultural Society


  • Cultivated wheat, barley, peas, rice, and millet
  • Farmed and domesticated animals as a form of subsistence
  • Developed during the Neolithic Revolution, population increased into millions
  • Settled permanently and improved farming technology
  • Produced a surplus of food supply, money became a form of exchange replacing the barter system
• Industrial Society


  • Began when the industrial revolution swept through Europe during the late 18th century
  • New sources of energy were harnessed, advanced forms of technology were applied, and types of machinery were invented
  • Transformation of agricultural society into production and manufacturing
• Post-Industrial Society


  • Developed with the advancement of information technology and computers
  • Economic production focused on the use and application of new information technology rather than factories
  • Production centers on computers and other electronic devices that create, process, and apply ideas and information
• WHY DO WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND CULTURE?
• HOW IMPORTANT IS CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS IN OUR MODERN WORLD?
• Name (Nickname)


  • Socio-economic class
  • Gender
  • Ethnicity
  • Religion
• UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPTS OF ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
• Anthropology


  • It includes topics such as human origin, globalization, social change, and world history
  • It is the study of humankind and all places
  • It is the study of humanity including our prehistoric origins and contemporary human diversity
• Goals of Anthropology


  • Discover what makes people different from one another in order to understand and preserve diversity
  • Discover what all people have in common
  • Look at one's own culture more objectively like an outsider
  • Produce new knowledge and new theories about humankind and human behavior
• Cultural Anthropology


  The study of living people and their cultures with description and analysis of their social lives from the past and present