Science

• Goiter


  An abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
• Goiter

  Results from the underproduction or overproduction of thyroid hormones
• Osteoporosis


  A disease that happens when the mineral density of the bone is reduced making it brittle and porous
• Osteoporosis


  One of the possible causes is parathyroid hormone secretion
• Endocrine system


  Collection of glands that produce hormones
• Hormones


  Chemical messengers, transferring information and instructions from one set of cells to another
• Major glands in the endocrine system

  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal gland
  • Pancreas
  • Reproductive glands (Testes and Ovaries)
• Blood glucose levels after a meal

  Pancreas secretes insulin to lower blood sugar level
• Breastfeeding


  Releases oxytocin and prolactin, hormones that relax the mother and make her feel more nurturing toward her baby
• Thymus gland


  • Enables the body to produce T-cells that help in fighting infections and diseases
• Adrenal gland


  • Produces adrenaline that enables the body to have the energy in doing spontaneous work during emergency situations
• Insulin


  Hormone commonly used to treat diabetes by helping regulate blood sugar level
• Diabetic persons' pancreas does not produce enough insulin, so insulin injections must be administered to regulate blood sugar level
• Normal blood sugar level
• Endocrine system


  Collection of glands that produce hormones
• Hormones


  Chemical messengers, transferring information and instructions from one set of cells to another
• Major glands in the endocrine system

  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid
  • Thymus
  • Adrenal gland
  • Pancreas
  • Reproductive glands (Testes and Ovaries)
• Blood glucose levels after a meal

  Pancreas secretes insulin to lower blood sugar level
• Breastfeeding


  Releases oxytocin and prolactin, hormones that relax the mother and make her feel more nurturing toward her baby
• Oxytocin and prolactin


  Enable milk production that provides the required nourishment for the baby
• Pituitary gland


  • Located at the base of the brain, stimulates growth & controls the functions of other glands, produces growth hormone
• Oxytocin


  • Causes uterus muscles to contract, stimulates milk ejection
• Vasopressin (Antidiuretic hormone)


  • Decreases urine production, decreases sweating, increases blood pressure
• Growth hormone


  • Fuels childhood growth and helps maintain tissues and organs throughout life
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)


  • Plays a large role in how your body responds to stress
• Luteinizing hormone


  • Helps control the menstrual cycle, triggers the release of an egg from the ovary
• Follicle stimulating hormone


  • In women, helps control the menstrual cycle & stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries, in men, helps control the production of sperm
• Prolactin


  • Stimulates the development and growth of the mammary glands and milk production during pregnancy
• Thyroid gland


  • Located below the voice box, regulates body metabolism, produces thyroxine which controls how much energy your body uses, and calcitonin which regulates levels of calcium & phosphate in the blood
• Parathyroid


  • Located in the neck, controls the calcium levels in your body & normalizes bone growth, produces parathormone
• Thymus


  • Located in front of the heart, enables the body to produce certain antibodies, produces thymosin which stimulates the development of disease fighting T-lymphocytes cells
• Adrenal gland


  • Located on top of the kidney, helps the body respond to stress & danger, produces adrenaline/epinephrine which increases heart rate, elevates blood pressure
• Pancreas


  • Located between the kidneys, regulates blood sugar level, produces insulin which lowers blood sugar level, and glucagon which raises blood sugar level
• Testes (Male)


  • Located at lower abdomen, control maturation and male characteristics, produce testosterone which plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues and promoting secondary sexual characteristics
• Ovaries (Female)


  • Located at lower abdomen, influence female traits, & support reproductive function, produce estrogen and progesterone which regulate the development and function of the uterus