DNA RNA

• Types of component molecules of DNA

  • Nucleotides
  • Phosphate groups
  • Sugar-Phosphate backbone
• Types of component molecules of DNA

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Water
• Component molecules of DNA

  • Deoxyribose
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogenous base
• Types of component molecules of DNA

  • Carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Water
• Component molecules of DNA

  • Deoxyribose
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogenous base
• DNA replication is the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules
• Replication is an essential process because, whenever a cell divides, the two new daughter cells must contain the same genetic information, or DNA, as the parent cell
• It is important to replicate DNA without error because DNA is a genetic material if there is an error in the DNA replication it will lead to mutation
• DNA enzymes assist in the process of DNA replication
• Steps of DNA replication

  Before the DNA can be replicated, the two strands of the double helix need to be separated or unzipped
• Semi-conservative replication


  When DNA is copied, each resulting daughter strand contains (conserves) one parent strand of DNA. The end result is that each new strand of DNA contains one parent strand and one new strand of DNA
• Helicase


  • The first enzyme to assist in process
  • The primary function of DNA helicase is to unwind/unzip the DNA strand
  • Attaches to the DNA strand
  • Acts to unwind the DNA strands to form a replication bubble which consists of two replication forks, so that replication can begin
  • Breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs to split the DNA apart
• DNA replication


  1. Makes new strands from the original template strands (adds nucleotides)

  2. Primer acts as a signal for DNA polymerase to come and add complementary base pairs to form the daughter strands of DNA

  3. Helps in joining the ends of DNA strands. Due to this reason, it is also called "Genetic Glue"
• Why must DNA replicate itself? When cells divide, they need to pass on the genetic information to the new cells. Replication ensures that each new cell receives an identical copy of the genetic material, allowing for growth, development, and continuity of life processes
• MUTAGEN


  Anything that causes a mutation (a change in the DNA of a cell)
• DNA changes caused by mutagens may harm cells and cause certain diseases, such as cancer
• Sunlight creates structures called thymine dimers


  1. Two thymine (T) bases on the same DNA strand become connected in an abnormal way, instead of correctly attaching to the complementary base adenine (A) on the opposite strand

  2. The radiation creates a kink in the double helix by making two thymine bases stick together
• Drooling, or excessive salivation
• Jacobsen syndrome


  • A condition characterized by the deletion of several genes on chromosome 11
  • Signs and symptoms vary among affected people but often include Paris-Trousseau syndrome (a bleeding disorder); distinctive facial features; delayed development of motor skills and speech; and cognitive impairment (Has trouble remembering, learning new things, concentrating, or making decisions that affect their everyday life)
• DNA


  The Blueprint of Life
• Cri-du-chat means "cry of the cat" in French
• Cri-du-chat syndrome


  • Infants with the syndrome produce a high-pitched cry that sounds like a cat
  • The larynx develops abnormally due to the chromosome deletion, which affects the sound of the child's cry
  • The syndrome is more noticeable as the child ages, but becomes difficult to diagnose past age 2
• DNA


  Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• DNA was established by James Watson and Francis Crick
• DNA


  • Shape of a double helix
• Base Pair Rule


  • One side: A T A T C A T G C G G G
  • Other side:
• Klinefelter's Syndrome


  • Men with this condition are usually sterile and tend to have longer arms and legs and to be taller than their peers
  • They are often shy & quiet & have a higher incidence of speech delay
  • Breast swelling, large hands & feet, infantile testes
• Turner's Syndrome


  • Female sexual characteristics are present but underdeveloped
  • They have short stature, low hairline, abnormal eye features & bone development
  • "Cave-in" appearance to the chest
• Jacobsen syndrome


  • A rare congenital condition that's caused by the deletion of several genes in chromosome 11
  • It's sometimes called partial monosomy 11q
  • It occurs in about 1 in 100,000 newborns
• Jacobsen syndrome


  • Often causes birth defects, behavioral problems, impairment of memory and thinking skills
  • Jacobsen syndrome is also associated with autism
  • It can result in a number of serious health complications