STS

• Albert Einstein: 'Great spirits have always encountered violent opposition from mediocre minds.'
• Geocentrism


  Belief that the Earth is at the center of the solar system
• Heliocentrism


  Belief that the Sun is the center of the solar system
• Nicolaus Copernicus challenged the Ptolemaic model and introduced heliocentrism
• Charles Darwin published the On the Origin of Species in 1859
• Theory of evolution


  Populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the fittest would survive
• The theory of evolution emerged at a time when most of the population believed and accepted the biblical version of the Earth's creation
• Psychoanalysis


  The study that explains human behavior
• Sigmund Freud changed people's perception of psychology with his revolutionary theory of psychoanalysis
• 7 of Albert Einstein's inventions that changed the world

  • Quantum Theory of Light
  • Special Theory of Relativity
  • Avogadro's Number
  • The Bose-Einstein Condensate
  • General Theory of Relativity
  • The Photoelectric Effect
  • Wave-Particle Duality
• Over 60% of Nobel Laureates between 1900 and 2000 were self-confessed believers in God
• Atheism


  Lack of belief in God
• Galileo Galilei was a firm believer in God and the Bible
• Galileo's scientific arguments were threatening the all-pervading Aristotelianism of the academy
• If the DNA of one human cell is stretched out, it would be almost 6 feet long and contain over three billion base pairs
• The Banaue Rice Terraces is not part of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites, but it is considered a National Cultural Treasure in the Philippines
• In 1601, Spain attempted to Christianize the Igorots by launching a holy crusade to evangelize the "heathens"
• After Esteban Marín's death, Spain sent a larger crusade to the Igorots' domain led by another friar
• The Spaniards were largely successful in conquering the lowlands of Northern Luzon because they co-opted the datus into convincing their barangays to resettle in the new towns established by the Spaniards
• The Spaniards were unsuccessful at bringing the Igorots into the fold as the Igorots had been wary of the lowlanders for centuries and isolated themselves in the mountains up north
• The Igorots' name "Igorot" is actually an Austronesian term for "mountain people"
• In 1601, Spain attempted to Christianize the Igorots by launching a holy crusade to evangelize the "heathens"


  1. Another motive for this holy war was to gain control of the gold-rich mountains of the Cordilleras

  2. Leading the crusade was a friar named Esteban Marín, who was instrumental in pacifying the natives of Pampanga

  3. When Marin and his expeditionary force tried to Christianize the Igorots, they were killed
• After Marin's death, Spain sent a larger crusade to the Igorots' domain led by a certain Lieutenant Aranda


  1. They enlisted locals from Pampanga and Pangasinan to capture every Igorot they could find and turn them into slaves

  2. A force of 3,000 Igorot warriors descended on them out of nowhere, decimating the combined Spanish and Indio forces
• Igorot military tactics


  • They were technologically inferior but proficient warriors the lowlanders feared most
  • They were notorious "pugot-ulo" (headhunters)
  • Their traditional arsenal consisted of bamboo lances and wooden shields, and they also used stakes planted in tall grass
  • They would set up numerous defensive blockades of trees and branches in mountain passes, and hurl boulders and tree trunks onto unsuspecting enemies
  • They kept the locations of their strongholds very secret, and would not hesitate to kill a fellow Igorot suspected of giving information to lowlanders or foreigners
  • They used the feigned retreat tactic, pretending to retreat and surrender as their enemies gave chase, then ambushing them
• Spain never succeeded in bringing the Igorots into its fold, and the fierce mountain people were pretty much left alone throughout the 300-year colonization of the Philippines
• Ethnic groups of the Igorots

  • Ifugaos
  • Bontocs
  • Ibalois
  • Isneg
  • Kalingas
  • Kankanaeys
• The Philippine government recognized the Igorots' unconquered status and tried to grant autonomy to them by forming the Cordillera Administrative Region
• Science and technology development during the Spanish era

  1. Establishment of formal education institutions and the launching of scientific organizations

  2. Medicine and biology were taught in different educational and training institutions

  3. Innovative approaches in farming were introduced due to agriculture being the major livelihood of Filipinos

  4. Engineering was introduced and developed to construct buildings, churches, bridges, roads and forts
• Trade was prioritized over agriculture and industrial developments during the latter part of the Spanish era due to possible bigger profits
• Science and technology development during the American era

  1. Reorganization of institutions for science and technology

  2. The former "Laboratorio Municipal" was replaced by the Bureau of Government Laboratories under the United States Department of Interior, which later became the Bureau of Science

  3. The National Research Council of the Philippines was established in 1933

  4. The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in 1946
• Science and technology development during the Marcos era

  1. The Department of Education and Culture (now DepEd) was mandated to promote science courses in public high schools

  2. The 35-hectare lot in Bicutan, Taguig was proclaimed as the Philippine Science Community, now the site of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

  3. The Philippine Coconut Research Institute (PHILCORIN) was tasked to promote the modernization of the coconut industry

  4. The National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) was established in 1976 to be the reservoir of scientific and technological expertise in the country

  5. Salary increases for teachers and administrators at the Philippines Science High School were granted, and the Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the Philippines Science High Schools were established
• Science and technology development during the Aquino era


  1. NSTA was renamed DOST

  2. The Science and Technology Master Plan penned by the DOST aimed to update the production sector, improve research activities, and develop infrastructures for the science and technology sector
• Science and technology development during the Ramos era


  1. The Doctors of the Barrio Program made healthcare accessible even in far-flung areas in the country

  2. Incentives were given to people who played significant roles in the science and technology sector

  3. The National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology was created for high school students who wanted to major in science and engineering in college

  4. A number of laws and statutes related to the science and technology sector were mandated, such as RA 8439, RA 7687, RA 7459, and RA 8293
• Science and technology development during the Estrada era

  1. RA 8749: The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 and RA 8792: Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 were both signed and mandated

  2. He was also responsible for implementing cost-effective irrigation technologies and providing basic health care services for those who could not afford them
• Science and technology development during the Arroyo era

  1. The term "Filipinization" was coined to refer to the Philippines as an innovative hub in Asia

  2. RA 9367: Biofuels Act was promulgated, but it did not produce positive outcomes due to the lack of technology to source raw materials

  3. Farmers were encouraged to use rice that can withstand environmental hazards

  4. RA 10601: Agriculture and Fisheries Mechanization (AFMech) Law was passed to modernize agricultural and fisheries machinery and equipment
• Science and technology development during the Aquino III era

  In 2014, President Benigno Aquino III named new National scientists namely, Gavino C. Trono for Marine Biology, Angel C. Alcala for Biological Science, Ramon C. Barba for Horticulture, and Edgardo D. Gomez for Marine Biology
• Science and technology development during the Duterte era

  1. The focus of DOST is to put the results of R&D into commercialization in order to gain new intellectual properties

  2. The Philippines has the Philippine Space and Technology Program which launched Diwata-2 in 2018 after the launch of Diwata-1 in 2016

  3. The current administration also gives importance to agriculture and disaster preparedness
• Top 10 Filipino Inventions

  • Fluorescent - Agapito Flores
  • Incubator - Fe del Mundo
  • Karaoke - Roberto del Rosario
  • Luna Rover - co-engineered by Eduardo San Juan
  • Videophone - Gregorio Y. Zara
  • Erythromycin - Abelardo Aguilar
  • Alco-Diesel, Lan-Gas, and Superbunker Formula - Rudy Lantano Sr.
  • Feminine Hygiene - Dr. Virgilio "Billy" Malang
  • Single-Chip Graphical User Interface Accelerator - Dado Banatao
  • Quick Ink - Francisco Quisumbing
• Other Filipino Scientists and Inventions

  • Magdalena Smith Villaruz - Turtle Hand Tractor
  • Dr. Rodolfo Aquino - Isolated Rice Breeds
  • Ramon C. Barba - Filipino inventor and Horticulturist
  • Aisa Mijeno - Lamp fueled by Salt Water
  • Dr. Paulo Campos - Nuclear Medicine
  • Dr. Angel Alcala - Marine Ecology
  • Pedro Flores - Yoyo
• Filipino Scientists Who Are Changing the World

  • Irene Crisologo (Radar Meteorologist)
  • Julius Sempio (Scientist specializing in geoinformatics and remote sensing)
  • Andrea Carillo (Astrophysicist)
  • Kamela Ng (Molecular Epidemiologist)
  • Migs Canilao (Anthropologist and Archaeologist)
  • Sarah Oliva (Geophysicist)