Atoms and Ions ⚛

• Atoms are tiny invisible particles and are the building blocks of matter. Everything is made up of matter
• Elements are pure substances that atoms are all the same. They cannot be broken down into similar substances
• The periodic table is where elements can be classified as either metal or non metals. Each element can be represented by a symbol (They can either be one letter or 2 letters)
• Compounds consist of different atoms bonded together
• Molecule elements are the same types of non - metal atoms joined together or bounded to form discrete molecules or clusters
• Lattices are the same atoms joined together in a grid like structures
• An isotope is a different form of the same element

  The number of protons and electrons are equal, however, the number of neutrons is different

  This gives isotopes a different mass number
• mass number = protons + neutrons
• Atomic number = number of protons
• Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers
• mass number is the bigger number
• atomic number is the smaller one
• The number of protons is the same as the number of electrons
• number of protons are positive (+)
• number of electrons are negative (-)
• number of neutrons are neutral (0)
• atom

  A) electrons

  B) protons

  C) neutrons

  
• isotopes have different numbers of neutrons but the same amount of protons
• the electronic configiration can hold 2,8,18 (or 8) in each of its cells
• the valence electrons are the electrons found in the outer shell and they determine the chemical properties of an element
• periods are the horizontal rows in the periodic table, they go from 1 to 7
• groups are the vertical rows in the periodic table, they go from 1 to 18
• the number of group numbers equal the number of valence electrons in the outer shell
• periods equal the number of shells being filled Eg in the element Silicon, it is found in the 14th group and 3rd period, meaning that the valence electron of silicon is 4 and the electron configuration is 3 (2,8,4).
• cations are positively charged ions (think cats)
• If an atom loses its electrons, it will have more protons that electrons. As protons are positive, the atom will therefore have an overall positive charge, as there are more overall protons than electrons.
• If they are equal that means there is no charge (11p + 11e = no charge)
• Sodium is a cation, its e config is 2,8,1. To make it stable, it has to lose an outer electron, which makes is Na+. Cations have more protons than electrons and this is why it is shown to have an overall positive net charge.
• Anions are ions with a negative charge
• If an atom gains electrons, it will have more electrons than protons, as electrons are negative, it will mean that there will be an overall negative charge
• Example: Chlorine is an anion It has the electron configuration of 2,8,7. To make it stable, it has to gain one outer electron, which makes it Cl-. Anions have more electrons than protons. Meaning it will have an overall positive charge
• Polyatomic ions are ions that make up of more than one atom
• The relationship between the group number of an element and its charge as an ion is that elements that belong in the same group on the periodic table form ions with the same charge because they have the same number of valence electrons. Examples is that group 1 form 1+ ions as for group 17 they form 1- ion.
• metals are good heat and electricity conductors, they are lustrous and shine when they are freshly cut, they can be hammered and are malleable, they are also ductile and can be streched into long wires and are solid at room temp except mercury
• Non-Metals are poor conuctors of heat and electricity, they are dull and have little shine, brittle and crumble into powder and are gas or liquid at room temp and have low melting and boiling points
• Metalloids fall between non metals and metals and can be catogorized with both of their properties, they are solid at room temp,brittle and somewhat shiny. There are 6 metalloids: boron, silicon, germanium,arsenic,antimony and tellurium
• An alloy is a metal combined with small amounts of another element. This combination makes it stronger and harder than its "base metal",

  Examples of alloys include:

  • Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc, it doesn’t rust, is strong and it looks nice. Examples of brass objects include musical instruments and doorknobs
• Molecule elements are the same types of non - metal atoms joined together or bounded to form discrete molecules or clusters
• • Lattice

  Lattices are the same atoms joined together in a grid like structures

  Only a few types of non-metals form lattices of grid-like repeating patterns