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• Anthropology


  The study of man
• 3 types of Anthropology

  • Cultural Anthropology
  • Archeology
  • Physical/Biological Anthropology
• Cultural Anthropology


  • Focuses on human societies and elements of cultural life
• Archeology


  • Focuses on earlier culture and ways of life
  • Examines fossils - remains of the earlier culture
• Physical/Biological Anthropology


  • Focuses on the origin of man and variations of human species
• Charles Darwen - Evolution theory
• Sociology


  The study of human social relationship and institutions
• Scope of Sociology


  • Crimes to religion
  • Family to state
  • Division of race and social class
• Political science


  Deals with humans and their interactions
• Different system of government

  • Legislative - law makers
  • Executive - executes the law
  • Judicial - judges or evaluates the law
• Perspective


  How you see things
• Anthropological Perspective


  • Holism - the whole humanity
  • Cultural Relativism - not judging a culture to our own standards
  • Comparison - Differences and similarities or changes
  • Fieldwork aka Ethnography - long tern participant observation
• Ethnocentrism


  Belief that your culture or ethnic group is superior to another
• Sociological Perspectives - Theoretical Perspectives

  • Functionalism - Emile Durkheim
  • Social conflict theory - Karl Marx
  • Symbolic Interactionism - George Herbert Mead
• Political science perspective


  More focused on the political arena and realm of politics
• Society


  A group of people living together and who shares common interest, territory and culture
• 3 Reasons why people live together in a society

  • For survival - we cannot live alone
  • Feeling of gregariousness - they/we enjoy the feeling with other people
  • Specialization - people create their group or association based in their specialization
• Concept of Culture


  • Language - the store house of culture
  • Symbols - representation/represents a certain culture
  • Technology - the supplication of knowledge
  • Values - culturally defined standards or rules
  • Beliefs - refers to the faith of an individual
  • Norms - rules or standard
• Social deviants


  Individuals who violate the norms
• Deviance


  State opposing to the norms
• 2 types of Norms

  • Proscriptive - tells us things not to do
  • Prescriptive - tells us things to do
• Different forms of norms

  • Folkways - also knowns as "customs"
  • Mores - strict norms that an individual must follow
  • Laws - controlled ethnics and they are morally agreed
• Two components of culture

  • Material culture - it refers to the tangible things
  • Non-material culture - it refers to the intangible things
• 2 types of non-material culture

  • Cognitive - Ideas, philosophies and anything that is a product of a human mind
  • Normative - Standard or expectations or rules
• Cultural Heritage


  Inherited from the past whether tangible or intangible
• Modes of acquiring culture

  • Imitation
  • Indoctrination or Suggestion
  • Conditioning - reward or punishment
• Adaption of Culture


  • Parallelism
  • Diffusion
  • Convergence
  • Fission
  • Acculturation
  • Assimilation
  • Accommodation
• Different causes of cultural change

  • Discovery
  • Invention
  • Diffusion
  • Colonization
  • Rebellon and revolutionary movements
• Cultural Concepts


  • Cultural diversity
  • Sub-culture
  • Counterculture
  • Culture lag
  • Culture shock
  • Ideal culture
  • Real culture
  • High culture
  • Popular culture
  • Culture change
• Ethnocentrism


  Superior to others culture (center)
• Xeno centrism


  Inferior, you think lowly from your own culture/ identity
• Cultural Relativism


  No culture is superior, and no culture is inferior. All cultures are equal/balance
• Cultural Variation


  Refers to the differentiation of culture
• Cultural universal


  Refers to common to all societies
• Different of human species

  • Hominids
  • Homo Habilis
  • Homo Erectus
  • Homo Neanderthalensis
  • Homo Sapiens
• Hominids


  • First direct of homo species (homo means human)
  • Australopithecus Afarensis (first definite hominids) 4.4 m to 1.4 m yrs. Ago
  • Bipedal (using two feet but need to support the hand)
• Homo Habilis


  • First create/ made and use stone tools as a weapon for protection
  • First required as true human (2.4 to 1.4 m yrs. Ago)
• Homo Erectus


  • They are considered as Erect ape man
  • Asia and Africa is where it is first seen
  • They created more refined stone tools as a weapon and hunting for protection
• Homo Neanderthalensis


  • Weapon, hunting, and fishing
  • They live in caves
• Homo Sapiens


  • Agricultural particularly farming, weapon, hunting and fishing
  • They buried their dead
  • They start to have a religion
  • They have more advance tools