uk and eu

• When was the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) founded?

  1952
• What was the purpose of the ECSC when it was founded?

  To promote peace through economic cooperation
• What treaty created the European Economic Community (EEC)?

  Treaty of Rome
• In what year did the UK join the EU?

  1973
• What significant act was established in 1987?

  Single European Act
• What treaty created the European Union (EU)?

  Maastricht Treaty
• What was launched in 1999 that the UK opted out of?

  Euro
• What did the Lisbon Treaty introduce in 2009?

  Article 50 (exit mechanism)
• What does the EU stand for?

  European Union
• What is supranationalism in the context of the EU?

  Institutions hold authority above national governments
• What are the Four Freedoms of the EU?

  Goods, services, capital, and people
• Why was the UK initially reluctant to join the EU?

  Concerns about sovereignty and empire
• What confirmed the UK's membership in the EU?

  1975 referendum
• What emerged within the Conservative Party regarding the EU?

  Increasing euroscepticism
• What was the outcome of the 2016 Referendum?

  UK voted to leave the EU
• When did the UK formally leave the EU?

  2020
• What were the aims of the EU as stated in the Maastricht Treaty?

  Promote peace, democracy, and equality
• What is one aim of the EU regarding social issues?

  Combat discrimination and promote equality
• What are the political achievements of the EU?

  • Consolidated liberal democracies in post-communist Europe
  • Ensured peace among member states
  • Limited international power due to lack of military
  • Mixed success defending EU values in Hungary and Poland
• What are the economic achievements of the EU?

  • Advanced economic cohesion through integration and the euro
  • Euro promoted unity but limited national control
  • Faced strain during the 2008 financial crisis and bailouts
• What are the social achievements of the EU?

  • Charter of Fundamental Rights supports social protections
  • Social cohesion varies across Europe
  • Enforcement depends on member states
• What positive impacts did EU funding have on the UK?

  Supported regional development in areas like Cornwall
• What was a controversial aspect of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP)?

  Hurt UK fishing industry with EU access
• What concern arose from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)?

  Raised fairness concerns despite subsidies
• How did the Social Charter impact UK businesses?

  Seen as burdensome by some UK businesses
• What was a public concern regarding immigration due to free movement?

  Strain on public services despite tax contributions
• What did the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (2021) change?

  Ended free movement and frictionless trade
• What must the UK prove regarding goods under the new agreement?

  Goods meet EU origin standards
• What is one change regarding EU development funds post-Brexit?

  No longer in EU development funds
• What does the Northern Ireland Protocol aim to avoid?

  A hard Irish border
• What does the Windsor Framework allow NI politicians to do?

  Reject new EU laws with safeguards
• What is the overall nature of the UK's relationship with the EU?

  Complex and often sceptical
• What concerns drove Brexit according to the summary?

  Sovereignty, regulation, and immigration issues
• What does the post-Brexit UK face in terms of market access?

  Greater autonomy but reduced access