LESSON 4

• Socialization


  A lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn the culture
• Enculturation


  The process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture
• Goals of socialization


  • Teaches impulse control and helps individuals develop a conscience
  • Teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform certain social roles
  • Cultivates shared sources of meaning and value
• Charles Horton Cooley's "Looking Glass-Self Theory"

  A person's sense of self is actually derived from the perception of others as we perceive ourselves on how other people think of us
• George Herbert Mead's Role-taking Theory

  The development of social awareness is traced to our early social interaction, e.g. learning that crying leads to being fed and cared for
• Stages of Development of the Social Mind

  • Imitation
  • Play
  • Game
  • Generalized Others
• Identity Formation


  The development of an individual's distinct personality, which is regarded as a persisting entity in a particular stage of life by which a person is recognized or known
• Different types of Identity

  • Cultural identity
  • Ethnic identity
  • National identity
  • Religious identity
• Self-concept


  The sum of a person's knowledge and understanding of his or herself
• Norm


  A rule that guides the behavior of members of a society or group
• Different kinds of Norms

  • Proscriptive norms
  • Prescriptive norms
  • Mores
  • Folkways
• Values


  Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful, and that serve as broad guidelines for social living
• Status


  A social position that a person holds, which can be either ascribed or achieved
• Role


  The behavior of someone who holds a particular status
• Role-related concepts


  • Role set
  • Role strain
  • Role manipulation
  • Impression management
• Deviance


  Behavior that violates expected rules and norms, seen as a form of aberration
• Theoretical Perspectives of Deviance

  • Structural Strain Theory
  • Labeling Theory
  • Social Control Theory