Anatomy

• Integumentary System

  • Skin and its accessory structures
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Sebaceous glands
  • Sweat glands
• Functions of the Skin

  • Protection against invasion of bacteria
  • Protects delicate cells from injury
  • Produces pigmentation
  • Produce body's supply of Vitamin D
  • Regulate body temperature
  • Provides sensation
• Epidermis

  The outer layer of the skin, has stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, basale
• Dermis


  The layer beneath the epidermis, composed of connective tissue, contains lymphatics, nerves, nerve endings, blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands, elastic fibers and hair follicles
• Layers of the Dermis

  • Papillary layer
  • Reticular layer
• Subcutaneous Tissue/Hypodermis


  Composed of adipose and connective tissue, supports, nourishes, insulates
• Hair


  A threadlike structure formed by a group of cells, develops in hair follicle and sockets
• Parts of the Hair

  • Cuticle
  • Cortex
  • Medulla
• Sebaceous Glands


  Oil glands that secrete sebum to lubricate the hair and skin
• Parts of the Nail

  • Cuticle
  • Nail plate
  • Lunula
  • Hyponychium
  • Nail bed
  • Proximal nail fold
  • Nail root
  • Nail matrix
• Sweat Glands


  • Eccrine sweat glands
  • Apocrine sweat glands
• Stages of Healing


  • Hemostasis phase
  • Inflammatory phase
  • Proliferation phase
  • Remodelling phase
• Primary Tissue Types

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
• Epithelial Tissue


  Covers organs and body, line body cavities and hollow organs, have a free surface and basement membrane, are avascular, cells readily divide and are tightly packed
• Functions of Epithelial Tissue

  • Protection
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Excretion
• Types of Epithelial Tissue

  • Simple squamous
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Simple columnar
  • Transitional
• Functions of Connective Tissue

  • Bind structures
  • Provide support and protection
  • Serve as frameworks
  • Fill spaces
  • Store fat
  • Produce blood cells
  • Protect against infections
  • Help repair tissue damage
• Connective Tissue Fiber Types

  • Collagenous fibers
  • Reticular fibers
  • Elastic fibers
• Types of Connective Tissue

  • Loose connective tissue (areolar, reticular)
  • Adipose tissue
  • Dense connective tissue (regular, irregular)
  • Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
  • Bone
• Types of Muscle Tissue

  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
• Components of Nervous Tissue

  • Neurons
  • Neuroglial cells
• Functions of Nervous Tissue

  • Sensory reception
  • Conduction of nerve impulses
• Subdivisions of the Skeleton

  • Axial skeleton
  • Appendicular skeleton
• Functions of Bones

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
• Components of Red Bone Marrow

  • Stem cells (hematopoietic)
  • White blood cells (lymphocytes)
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • Platelets (thrombocytes)
• Types of Bone Tissue

  • Compact bone
  • Spongy/Cancellous bone
• Nervous Tissue

  • Found in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
  • Functional cells are neurons
  • Neuroglial cells support and bind nervous tissue components
• Functions of Nervous Tissue

  • Sensory reception
  • Conduction of nerve impulses
• Nervous Tissue Composition


  Dendrites, cell body, neuroglia, axon
• Skeleton


  (Greek) "Dried up body"
• Subdivisions of the Skeleton

  • Axial Skeleton - Longitudinal axis
  • Appendicular Skeleton - Limbs and girdles
• Functions of Bones

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Storage
  • Blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
• Red Bone Marrow


  Site of hematopoiesis - stem cells, white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets
• Types of Bone Tissue

  • Compact Bone - Dense, smooth, homogeneous
  • Spongy Bone - Also called cancellous bone, small needle-like pieces of bone called trabeculae, has many open spaces, sites of hematopoiesis and filled with red marrow
• Classifications of Bones by Shape

  • Long Bones - Longer than they are wide, shafts with heads on both ends, contain mostly compact bone, all bones of the limbs except patella, ankle and wrist
  • Short Bones - Generally cube-shaped, contain mostly cancellous bone, bones of the wrist (carpal) and ankle (tarsal), sesamoid bones - bones formed within tendons
  • Flat Bones - Thin, flattened and usually curved, two thin layers of compact bone surround a layer of cancellous bone, skull, ribs, sternum
  • Irregular Bones - Do not fit into bone classification, vertebrae, pelvic bone, facial bones
• Diaphysis/Shaft


  Length of bone, composed of compact bone
• Periosteum


  Outside covering the diaphysis, fibrous connective tissue membrane
• Epiphysis


  Ends of the bones, thin layer of compact bone enclosing cancellous bone
• Articular Cartilage


  Covers the external surface of epiphyses, made up of hyaline cartilage, decreases friction
• Epiphyseal Plate


  Flat plate of hyaline cartilage, replaced by bone, leaving epiphyseal line behind, can be seen in young growing bone