THEME B

• What is a major traffic issue in urban areas?

  Congestion and increased journey time
• How do cars affect air quality?

  They release nitrogen dioxide, harming health
• How many premature deaths occur annually in the UK due to air quality issues?

  23,300 premature deaths
• What is the UK government's plan regarding diesel and petrol cars?

  Ban their sale by 2040
• Why do inner city residents rely on public transport?

  Due to congestion and limited options
• What is the economic cost of extra travel time per minute each kilometer?

  £4 billion per year
• What causes parking prices to rise in urban areas?

  Limited parking space availability
• What is a solution proposed for parking issues?

  Smart parking systems
• What are the cultural issues in urban areas?

  • Rich mix of nationalities and languages
  • Migrant settlement areas with cheap accommodation
  • Issues of discrimination and prejudice
• What percentage of race hate crimes are committed against minority groups?

  17% of race hate crimes
• How many hate crimes against Muslims were reported in 2024?

  4,931 hate crimes
• How many languages are spoken in London?

  300 languages
• What challenges do people with limited English face in London?

  Access to services and community integration
• What is urbanization?

  Increase in people living in towns and cities
• What are the causes of urbanization?

  1. Rural-urban migration for better living standards
  2. High natural increase from birth and death rates
  3. Push factors: natural disasters, employment
  4. Pull factors: better services and opportunities
• What is a shanty town?

  • Informal settlement of improvised buildings
  • Often illegal and on unsuitable land
  • Characteristics: self-built, few services, no street pattern
• What defines a Central Business District (CBD)?

  • Closest part of a city to its center
  • Dominated by shops and offices
  • Good public transport access
• What are the characteristics of inner cities?

  • Old, run-down buildings awaiting redevelopment
  • Terraced housing and student housing
  • Examples: The Falls Road, Belfast
• What are the characteristics of suburbs?

  • Semi-detached housing with gardens
  • Cheaper land compared to inner cities
  • Facilities like schools and parks
• What defines an industrial zone?

  • Located on the outskirts of towns
  • Room for expansion and cheaper land
  • Away from congestion
• What is the rural-urban fringe?

  • Area where town meets country
  • Mixture of uses
  • Example: Dundonald ice rink
• What issues do inner city areas face?

  • Old housing needing renovation
  • Closure of local shops due to supermarkets
  • High unemployment rates
• What is gentrification?

  • Redevelopment attracting wealthier residents
  • Displacement of poorer residents
  • Increased neighborhood wealth and market appeal
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of gentrification?

  Advantages:

  • Preserves old buildings
  • Attracts new markets
  • Plants trees

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Loss of community
  • High prices
  • Loss of small businesses