C6 - The Rate and Extent of Chemical Change

Cards (48)

  • How is the rate of reaction calculated using the amount of reactant or product?
    Amount of reactant used or product formed / time
  • What is the formula for rate of reaction in mol/s?
    Moles of reactant used or product formed / time
  • What units can be used for rate of reaction?
    g/s, cm3/s, or mol/s
  • What are three common ways of measuring the rate of reaction?
    • Loss in mass of reactants
    • Volume of gas produced
    • Time for a solution to become opaque
  • How is the rate of reaction measured by monitoring mass loss?
    Record decrease in mass in time intervals
  • What type of gas cannot be monitored by mass loss?
    Hydrogen
  • How is the rate of reaction measured by monitoring the volume of gas produced?
    Measure gas volume formed in time intervals
  • How is the rate of reaction measured by monitoring the disappearance of a cross?
    Measure time for mixture to conceal cross
  • How can the rate of reaction be found at some time from a graph of amount of reactant vs time?
    Find the tangent to the curve
  • What does a steeper tangent line on a graph of amount of reactant vs time indicate?
    Faster rate of reaction
  • How is the gradient of a tangent expressed?
    Change in y values / change in x values
  • What five factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
    • Concentration of reactants
    • Pressure of gases (volume)
    • Surface area
    • Temperature
    • Catalysts
  • According to collision theory, when do chemical reactions occur?
    Particles collide with sufficient energy
  • What is required for reacting particles to have a successful collision?
    Sufficient energy, or more than activation energy
  • How does increasing temperature affect the rate of reaction?
    Increases the rate of reaction
  • How does increasing temperature affect the kinetic energy of particles?
    Kinetic energy of particles increases
  • How does increasing temperature affect the frequency of collisions?
    They collide more frequently
  • How is the relationship between temperature and rate of reaction described?
    Not directly proportional
  • How does increasing concentration affect the rate of reaction?
    Increases the rate of reaction
  • How does increasing concentration affect the frequency of collisions?
    More frequent collisions
  • How does increasing pressure of a gas affect the rate of reaction?
    Increases the rate of reaction
  • What is the effect of increasing pressure on the number of gas molecules?
    Increases gas molecules in the same volume
  • How does increasing the pressure of reacting gases affect the frequency of collisions?
    Increases the frequency of collisions
  • What is the relationship between volume and pressure?
    Inversely proportional
  • What effect does increasing volume have on reaction rate?
    Retards the reaction
  • How does increasing surface area affect the rate of reaction?
    Increases the rate of reaction
  • How does increasing surface area of solid reactants affect the frequency of collisions?
    Increases the frequency of collisions
  • What happens to solid reactants in smaller pieces?
    They have a greater surface area
  • How does a catalyst increase the rate of reaction?
    Provides a different pathway
  • What happens to a catalyst during a reaction?
    Is not used up
  • How does a catalyst affect activation energy?
    Lowers activation energy
  • How is the maximum of the curve affected in a reaction profile for a catalyzed reaction?
    Lower maximum
  • What molecule acts as a catalyst in a biological system?
    An enzyme
  • What happens in a reversible reaction?
    Products react backwards to produce reactants
  • Under what conditions is dynamic equilibrium reached?
    Forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate
  • Under what conditions is dynamic equilibrium reached regarding concentrations?
    Concentrations of reactants and products remain constant
  • In what type of system does dynamic equilibrium occur?
    Closed system
  • What does Le Chatelier's Principle state?
    System counteracts change to restore equilibrium
  • What happens to the system if the concentration of a reactant is increased?
    More products will be formed
  • What happens to the system if the concentration of a product is decreased?
    More reactants will react