M4

• Infancy and Toddlerhood (1-2 Years of Age)

  Parents: Focus of instruction for health maintenance of children
• Sensorimotor period – coordination and integration of motor activities with sensory perceptions
• Object Permanence - objects & events exist even when they cannot be seem, heard or touched
• Toddler – develop an elementary concept of causality, the ability to grasp cause-and-effect relationship between two paired, successive   events
• Early Childhood (3-5 Years of Age)

  • Acquire new behaviors that give them more independence-Learning occurs through interaction with others and through mimicking and modelling the behaviors of playmates and adults
  • Fine & gross motor skills more refined and coordinated
• Preoperational Period – child’s inability to think things through logically without acting out the situation
• Pre-causal thinking – understand that people can make things happen, but unaware of causation as the result of invisible physical & mechanical forces
• Animistic thinking – tendency to endow inanimate objects with life and consciousness
• Preschool children – very curious and pose questions about almost anything
• Egocentric Causation – attributes the cause of illness to the consequences of their own   transgressions
• Middle and Late Childhood (6-11 Years of Age)

  -Motivated to learn because of their natural curiosity and desire to understand more about themselves, their bodies, their world and influence of different things

  -Gross and fine motor abilities more coordinated so they have the ability to control their movements with much greater dexterity
• Concrete Operations – logical, rational thought processes and ability to reason inductively deductively
• Syllogistic Reasoning – consider two premises and draw a logical conclusion from them
• Conservation – ability to recognize that properties of an object stay the same even though its   appearance and position may change
• Causal thinking – incorporate the idea that illness is related to cause and effect
• Adolescence (12-19 Years of Age)

  -Gen Z

  -Excel in self-directed learning and thrive on the use of technology

  -Clumsiness and poorly coordinated movement : rapid, dramatic and significant bodily changes

  -Alteration in physical size, shape and function of their bodies with the appearance and development of the secondary sex characteristics
• Formal Operations -Cognitive development, conceptualize invisible processes and make determinations about what others say and how they behave
• Propositional Reasoning – capable of abstract thought and the type of complex logical thinking
• Egocentrism – obsessed with what they think as well as what others are thinking
• Personal fable – feelings of invincibility; believe that they are invulnerable
• Andragogy – used by Knowles to describe his theory of adult learning and is the art and science of teaching adults
• Goal-oriented learners – engage in educational   endeavors to accomplish clear and identifiable   objectives
• Activity-oriented learners

  • select educational   activities primarily to meet social needs
  • desire to be around others and converse with   people in similar circumstance
  • retirement,   parenting, divorce or widowhood
  • drive is to alleviate social isolation and   loneliness
• Learning-oriented learners

  – perpetual students who seek knowledge for knowledge’s sake

  • Active learners throughout their lives and tend to join groups, classes or organizations with the anticipation that the experience will be educational and personally rewarding
• Young Adulthood (20-40 Years of Age)

  -Emerging adulthood-20-34 

  • millennial generation-35-40
  • – Generation X-Establishing long
  • -term, intimate relationships with other people, choosing a lifestyle and adjusting to it, deciding on occupation and managing a home and family-Intimacy and courtship are pursued and spousal and parental roles are developed
• Formal operation

  • generalize new situations and improve abilities   to critically analyze, solve problems and make   decisions about personal, occupational and   social role
• Middle-Aged Adulthood (41-64 Years)

   - highly accomplished in their careers, sense of who they are developed, children are grown and have time to share their talents, serve as mentors for others and pursue new or latent interests

  • Reflect on the contributions they have made to family and society, relish their achievements and re examine their goals and values
• Dialectical thinking – the ability to search for   complex and changing understandings to find   a variety of solutions to any given situation or   problem
• Older Adulthood ( 65 years and older)

  -Later adulthood (60-75 years) and elderhood (75 years until death)
• Ageism – prejudice against the older adult
• Geragogy – teaching of older adults
• Crystallized intelligence – absorbed over a lifetime; vocabulary, general information, social interactions, arithmetic reasoning and ability to evaluate experiences
• Fluid intelligence – capacity to perceive relationships, to reason, and perform abstract thinking