Research Methods

• Experimental Research

  Random assignment, control groups, and manipulation of variables.
• Correlational Research


  To examine the degree of association between two or more variables without manipulation.
• Descriptive Research


  To observe and describe behavior without manipulating variables.
• Longitudinal Research


  To study the same group of individuals over an extended period to observe changes or stability in behavior.
• Cross-Sectional Research


  To compare different groups of individuals at the same point in time to identify age-related differences.
• Quasi-Experimental Research


  To investigate cause-and-effect relationships in situations where random assignment is not possible or ethical.
• Meta-Analysis


  To analyze and integrate findings from multiple studies on a particular topic.
• Field Experiments


  To conduct experiments in real-world settings rather than controlled laboratory environments.
• Single-Case Experimental Design


  To study the effects of an intervention on an individual, often used in clinical or applied settings.