language

• Bernstein


  -type of language spoken to children differs between classes
• restricted code

  -working class

  -limited vocabulary

  -short, unfinished simple sentences

  -gestures

  -predictable

  -descriptive
• elaborated code

  -middle class

  -wider vocabulary

  -longer, complex sentences

  -abstract ideas

  -varied speech

  -context free
• elaborated code in school

  -exams, textbooks & teachers use elaborated

  -working class at instant disadvantage