psychological problems

• mental health continuum


  looking at mental health using a scale, this suggests that there are degrees to mental health
• prevalence


  how common something is
• why is it difficult to track changes in mental health prevalence

  not all mental health problems are recorded trends rely on surveys which may not be accurate the symptoms used to record mental health over time chage
• ICD


  international classification of diseases

  the most widely used classification system for mental health issues
• changes in ICD


  anorexia nervosa {1970}

  homosexuality{1990}
• stigma


  A strong dissaproval for something
• discrimination


  to treat someone differently based on a perceived issue or problem
• effects of stigma before a diagnosis

  a negative stereotype may be triggered
• effects of stigma after a diagnosis

  self-fulfilling prophey
• negative symptom of schizophrenia


  a lack of behaviour's usually experienced by other people
• positive symptom of schizophrenia


  unusual behaviour's which aren't normally experienced by people
• catatonia


  a state of apparent unresponsiveness to external stimuli in a person who is apparently awake
• social drift theory


  there is relationship between social class and schizophrenia. Indidvidual's drift to the bottom of society when they have a mental health problem
• biological explanation of schizophrenia


  too many D2 receptors and so produce extremely high dopamine
• brain structure for people with schizophrenia

  restricted blood flow in the pre-frontal cortex

  temporal lobes are lower in volume

  less gray matter

  hippocampus is smaller
• criticisms of social drift theory


  There are problems with establishing cause and effect with this theory. Physical factors associated with low social classes may be the cause of schizophrenia. There may be a bias in diagnosis and there is too much focus on the role of society with this theory. Also, focusing on the interaction between the sufferer and society tends to ignore biological factors involved with schizophrenia. Finally, social drift theory doesn't explain how people get mental illnesses but only explains what happens afterwards
• criticisms of the biological factors

  ignores the effect of nature

  brain dysfunction could be the effect of schizophrenia and not the cause

  deterministic

  reductionist
• Symptoms of Schizophrenia


  -hallucinations

  -delusion

  -disorganized speech

  -social withdrawal

  -catatonic behaviour {doesn't respond}

  -Neologisms (breaks in train of thought)
• key statistics for people with schizophrenia

  British people of African or Caribbean background are more likely to be diagonsed than white people
• how many participants for Daniel et al

  10
• cultural background of participants for Daniel et al

  20% black, 80% white
• iv and dv of Daniel et al


  IV-Whether participants were given amphetamine or not

  DV-Performance on the Wisconsin card sorting test
• findings of Daniel et al

  when participants took amphetamine they performed better on WCST
• criticisms of Daniel et al


  small sample size

  cultural bias

  lacks temporal validity

  unethical to use brain scans

  unknown effects of haloperidol
• key statistics of depression


  4-10% of people in England will expereince depression{mostly people from disadvantaged backgrounds}

  people of asian origin are more likely to experience than people of black origin

  33% females 19% males

  good recovey rate
• Ellis model of depression

  Activation event

  Beliefs

  Consequences
• criticisms of ellis' theory

  reductionist

  free will

  ignores nature
• biological theory of depression


  Depression is an evolutionary adaptation which helps us to adapt and survive
• criticisms of the biological theory for depression


  reductionist, as it suggest its that it is exclusive to people in low social rank

  fails to take into account all cases of depression

  fails to take into account other biological explanations
• hypothesis for tandoc et al

  higher levels of envy-more symptoms of depression
• how did tandoc et al measure levels of envy

  self-report
• sample for tandoc et al


  736 people with an average age of 19
• findings of tandoc et al


  Heavy FB use showed stronger

  feelings of envy.

  • Fb envy was a predictor of

  depression.

  • No relationship between

  frequency of FB use and

  depression.

  • FB surveillance has an indirect link

  as it increases envy which leads to

  depression.

  Therefore Using FB does not directly

  lead to depression, but can contribute to

  feelings of envy. Supports Social Rank

  Theory.
• criticisms of tandoc et al


  Cultural bias

  Age bias

  Social desirability bias

  lack of construct validity
• what was used to scan the brain in Daniel et al


  SPECT scan
• when was the mental act

  1959
• explain jahoda


  She said that mental health issues is a deviation from the ideal mental healthh which included

  Good mental health includes high self-esteem,

  self-actualisation, autonomy, accurate perception of

  reality (Jahoda, 1958).
• how did tandoc et al measure the dv


  rating 8 different items

  relating to envy on a 5-point Likert scale.

  Completed a depression scale (CES-D).