LEA 2.

• Comparative policing


  The practice for the maintenance of peace and order, law enforcement and for the security of the community
• Policing


  The practice by the police officers for the maintenance of peace and order
• Comparative


  An estimate of relative likeness or unlikeness of two objects or event
• Comparative police system


  • Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to discover insights in the field of international policing
  • The science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations, covering the study of police organizations, trainings, and methods of policing of various nations
  • Comparison of selected police models and their relation with Interpol and UN Bodies in the campaign against transnational crimes
• Why compare police systems?

  • To benefit from the experience of others
  • To broaden our understanding of the different cultures and approaches to the problems
  • To help deal with many transnational crime problems that plague our world today
• How to compare police systems

  1. Safari method - the researcher visits another country

  2. Collaborative method - the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher
• Globalization


  • A package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas, and authority
  • Growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication and ideas
  • The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort to form and sustain a global economy
  • The system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy
  • A process by which regional economies, societies, cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation and trade
• Causes of globalization


  • International division of labor
  • Internationalization of finance i.e. the emergence of global banking and globally integrated financial markets
  • The new technology system based on a combination of innovations, including solar energy, robotics, microelectronics, biotechnology, and digital communications and information system
  • The growth of the consumer markets among the more affluent populations of the world; similar trends in consumer tastes have been created by similar processes
• Events that contributed to the emergence of globalization

  • Establishment of international agencies and institutions
  • Standardized system of global time
  • Global networks of communication
  • International competitions and prizes
  • International law
  • Internationally shared notions of citizenship and human rights
• Negative effects of globalization

  • Environmental degradation
  • In many poorer nations, foreign businesses utilizing workers in a country take advantage of the lower wage rates
  • Brain drain - opportunities in richer countries drives talent away from poorer countries, leading to brain drains
  • Disease
  • Drug and illicit goods trade
• Threats to law enforcement due to globalization

  • Increasing volume of human rights violations as evidence by genocide and mass killing
  • Conflict between nations
  • Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism
• Effects of globalization on law enforcement

  Law enforcers are expected to be the protector of the people, but the unaccountable flow of migration and open markets present new threats to state-based human rights regimes - a great challenge to law enforcement
• Changing role of the police

  In the past, the police were preoccupied solving local crimes. With globalization, they are now faced with highly organized and sophisticated crimes, like terrorism, bank robbery, drug trafficking, money laundering and kidnap for ransom, among others. Moreover, crimes have crossed borders. Like big corporations, organized crimes have evolved into transnational crimes, with operations in the different parts of the world
• Theories of comparative policing

  • Alertness to crime theory
  • Economic or migration theory
  • Opportunity theory
  • Demographic theory
  • Deprivation theory
  • Modernization theory
  • Theory of anomie and synomie
• Home rule theory


  The theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the community or the people who rely for the efficiency of their functions upon the express of needs of the people. Policemen are civil servants whose key duty is preservation of public peace and security. Practiced in the US and England where governmental structure follows a decentralized pattern.
• Continental theory


  The theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of higher authorities. This theory prevail in European countries where governmental organization follows centralized pattern e.g. Spain, Italy and France. The people have no share or little participation with the duties nor connection with the police organization.
• Concepts of police service

  • Old police service/concept - police service gives the impression of being merely suppressive machinery, with the yardstick of police proficiency relying on the number of arrests made
  • Modern police service/concept - police are the first line of defense, an organ of crime prevention, with the yardstick of police proficiency relying on the absence of crime
• Theories of police patrol

  • Theory of police omnipresence - high police visibility discourages criminals
  • Low police profile theory - low police visibility increases the opportunity to apprehend criminals
• Comparative criminal justice system

  The sub-field of criminal justice which deals with comparing the similarities and differences of criminal justice in terms of structure, goals, punishment and emphasis on rights as well as history, and political structure of different systems
• Types of comparative court system

  • Adversarial - where the accused is innocent until proven guilty
  • Inquisitorial - where the accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated
• Types of police system

  • Common law systems - strong adversarial system
  • Civil law systems - strong inquisitorial system
• Types of criminal justice system in the world

  • Common law systems - usually exists in English speaking countries, with strong adversarial system and oral system of evidence
  • Civil law systems - practiced throughout most European Union, distinguished by strong inquisitorial system and written law
  • Socialist systems - distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender or retain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state
  • Islamic systems - characterized by the absence of positive law based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or tribal traditions, with religion playing a significant role
• 4 kinds of societies in the world

  • Folk-communal society - little codification of laws, no specialization among police and system of punishment that just let things go for a while without attention until things become too much, then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to
  • Urban-commercial society - has civil laws, specialized police forces, punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient
  • Urban-industrial society - not only has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behavior, police become specialized how to handle property crimes
  • Bureaucratic society - has system of laws, police who tend to keep busy handling political crimes and terrorism
• Ancient policing systems


  • Anglo-Saxon period: Tun policing system, Hue and cry, Trial by ordeal
  • Norman period: Shire-rieve, Travelling judge or circuit judge, Legis Henrici, Frankpledge system
  • Westminster period: Guards appointed, Statute of 1295, Justice of the peace, Star chamber court
  • Keepers of the peace
  • King Charles II of England (1663)
  • Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"
• Ancient policing systems in other regions

  • Egypt: Medjays
  • Greece: Ephori
  • Rome: Praetorian guard, Urban cohorts, Vigiles
• Policing is one of the most important functions undertaken by the sovereign government. Police is an inevitable organ which would ensure maintenance of law and order, the first link in the Criminal Justice System. Police force is a symbol of brute force of authority and at the same time protector from crime.
• Basic Goals of Policing

  • Enforce Law
  • Preserve Peace
  • Prevent Crime
  • Protect civil rights, liberties
  • Provide services
• Types of Police /Policing System in the World

  • Fragmented / Decentralized Police system
  • Combined Police System
  • National Centralized Police System
• Law enforcement styles


  • Legalistic
  • Watchman
  • Service
• Degree of commitment to maintaining order and respect for due process

  • Enforcers
  • Idealists
  • Optimists
  • Realists
• Way police officers use their authority and power in street police work

  • Professional
  • Enforcers
  • Reciprocators
  • Avoiders
• Policing Approaches


  • Problem – Oriented Policing
  • Intelligence- LED Policing
  • Reactive or Traditional Policing
  • Pro Active Policing
  • Predictive policing
  • Value-based Policing
  • Nodal Policing
  • Reassurance Policing
  • Community Oriented Policing
  • Democratic Policing
  • Neighborhood Policing
  • Human Rights Policing
• Dimensions on Different Method of Policing

  • Multiple Model - Multiple Coordinated
  • Multiple Model - Multiple Uncoordinated
  • Singular Model
• Sir Robert Peel's Policing Principles

  • To prevent crime and disorder
  • To recognize public approval and respect
  • To secure public cooperation
  • To minimize use of physical force
  • To preserve public favor
  • To use minimum physical force
  • To maintain public-police relationship
  • To refrain from usurping judicial powers
  • To measure police efficiency by absence of crime
• The authority of the Police come from the people - their laws and institutions.
• Multicultural Policing - Countries

  • Philippines
  • London
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Australia
  • Hong Kong
  • Taiwan
  • Myanmar
  • Indonesia
  • Malaysia
  • Singapore
  • Japan
  • China
  • Thailand
  • Brunei
  • Afghanistan
  • Armenia
  • Bangladesh
  • Bhutan
  • Cambodia
  • Cyprus
  • Georgia
  • Iraq
  • Israel
  • Kazakhstan
  • North Korea
  • Kuwait
  • Krygzstan
  • Laos
  • Lebanon
  • Macau
  • Maldives
  • Mongolia
  • Nepal
  • Oman
  • Pakistan
  • Russia
  • Sri Lanka
  • Syria
• Brief History of the Philippine Policing System

  • Ancient Roots
  • Spanish Period
  • American Period
  • Post-American Period
  • Martial Law Period
  • Post Martial Law Regime
• Important Filipino Personalities in the Evolution of Philippine Policing

  • BGEN RAFAEL CRAME
  • COL ANTONIO TORRES
  • COL LAMBERTO JAVALERA
  • CAPT. COLUMBUS E. PIATT
  • P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO
• Agencies in the Philippine Policing System

  • DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT (DILG)
  • NATIONAL POLICE COMMISSION (NAPOLCOM)
• The Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998 was enacted on February 25, 1998 and amended certain provisions of RA 6975