important stuff

• The thyroid gland maintains optimum metabolism levels. regulates oxygen consumption by cells and regulates lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. essential for normal growth and maturation.

  develop from an invagination of the pharynx.

  Blood supply from the cranial carotid a. and sympathetic innervation
• corticotrophs convert POMC to ACTH under stimulation of CRH
• PTH is released as granules from the parathyroid gland. It has two receptor types: T1 in bones and kidneys and t2 in few other cells
• PTH affects the kidney by stimulating calcitriol conversion and increasing calcium absorption in the distal tubule
• The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines: mostly adrenaline in adults and noradrenaline predominantly in foetuses. Sympathetic 'fight or flight' innervation stimulated the medulla via ACh from preganglionic sympathetic fibres. Released catecholamines bind to albumin and other serum proteins.

  They increase arterial BP, increase CO by binding to B1 receptors increasing contractility, dilate bronchioles and increase metabolic rate.
• the posterior pituitary gland is innervated by the PVN and SON in the hypothalamus to cause release of vasopressin and oxytocin