Genetic

• The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, containing DNA which controls all activities within the cell.
• Mitochondria are responsible for producing ATP through aerobic respiration.
• The cytoplasm contains organelles such as mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, chloroplasts (in plant cells), cytoskeleton, and centrioles.
• Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.
• Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes that break down waste materials inside cells.
• Ribosomes synthesize proteins using information from mRNA.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.
• Mitochondria produce energy through respiration.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in lipid production and transporting proteins to Golgi Apparatus.
• Golgi Apparatus modifies and packages proteins for export from the cell or storage within the cell.
• Golgi Apparatus modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell or outside the cell.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is involved in lipid production and transporting proteins to Golgi Apparatus.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and wastes in plant cells.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste materials inside the cell.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and wastes in plants.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, pigments, and wastes within the cell.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and wastes within the cell.
• Golgi Apparatus modifies and packages proteins for export from the cell or storage inside the cell.
• Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and wastes within plant cells.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  A type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells involved in lipid synthesis and protein transport. Rough ER has ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis and transport, while smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
• Glycolysis


  A metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells, breaking down glucose to produce energy. It is the first step in cellular respiration and does not involve the ER or lipid synthesis.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  A type of ER that lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification. It also plays a role in calcium homeostasis and steroid hormone synthesis.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  A type of ER that is covered in ribosomes and is involved in protein synthesis and transport. It is the site of folding and modification of newly synthesized proteins before they are transported to the Golgi apparatus.
• Simple Hydrocarbons


  A type of organic compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen atoms, with no functional groups.
• Fatty Acids


  A type of carboxylic acid with a long hydrocarbon chain, often found in fats and oils, which can be saturated or unsaturated.
• Aldehyde


  A type of organic compound characterized by a carbonyl group (-CHO) with a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom, often with a distinctive smell.
• Ketones


  A type of organic compound characterized by a carbonyl group (-CO-) with two hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atom, often with a pleasant smell.
• Aldehydes


  Families of organic compounds which contain the carbonyl functional group
• Ketones


  Families of organic compounds which contain the carbonyl functional group with two carbon atoms bonded to the carbonyl carbon
• Carbonyl functional group


  A functional group with a carbon atom and an oxygen atom bonded by a double bond (C=O)
• Aldehydes


  • Carbonyl group at the end of a carbon skeleton
  • Hydrogen atom bonded to carbonyl carbon
  • Often called the formyl or methanoyl group
• Ketones

  • Carbonyl group located anywhere within a chain or ring
  • Two carbon atoms bonded to carbonyl carbon
• Aldehydes differ from ketones in that the carbonyl group is placed at the end of a carbon skeleton rather than between two carbon atoms
• When a formyl group is attached to a ring, the ring name is followed by the suffix carbaldehyde
• The IUPAC system names are given on top while the common names are given at the bottom in parentheses
• Chain numbering for ketones normally starts from the end nearest the carbonyl group
• Very simple ketones, such as propanone and phenylethanone do not require a locator number
• 1,4 Dichloro-3-pentanone


  (a, b'-dichloro, diethyl ketone)