hard engineering

• What is the purpose of using artificial structures in coastal management?

  To defend land against erosion and flooding
• What are the types of artificial structures used in coastal management?

  • Groynes
  • Sea walls
  • Riprap
  • Revetments
• What are groynes made of?

  Timber structures built at right angles
• How do groynes function in coastal management?

  They trap sediment moved along the coast
• What is the effect of groynes on beach formation?

  They build up the beach by trapping sediment
• What materials are sea walls typically made from?

  Stone, concrete, or steel
• What is the primary function of sea walls?

  To protect the coast from wave action
• How do sea walls impact coastal erosion?

  They can increase erosion at their base
• What is riprap?

  Large rocks placed at the base of structures
• What is the purpose of using riprap in coastal management?

  To absorb wave energy and reduce erosion
• What are revetments made of?

  Wood, concrete, or stone
• How do revetments function in coastal management?

  They protect the shore by dissipating wave energy
• What is a disadvantage of using artificial structures for coastal management?

  They can lead to increased erosion elsewhere
• What are the advantages of using artificial structures in coastal management?

  • Build up beach material
  • Reduce maintenance costs
  • Prevent erosion
  • Provide habitats for marine life
  • Reflect wave energy back to the sea
  • Relatively cheap and easy to construct
• What is one environmental impact of artificial coastal structures?

  They can disrupt natural sediment transport
• How do artificial structures affect wave energy?

  They reflect wave energy back to the sea
• Why might artificial structures be considered a temporary solution?

  They require ongoing maintenance and repair
• What are the limitations of artificial coastal management structures?

  • Can lead to increased erosion elsewhere
  • Require regular maintenance
  • May disrupt local ecosystems
  • Often only provide short-term solutions
• What do they often include in their design?

  A promenade and a tourist attraction
• How do reflective surfaces in designs benefit energy use?

  They reflect wave energy out to sea
• What is a characteristic of reflective surfaces?

  They are relatively cheap
• Why are reflective surfaces easy to construct?

  They require simple materials and designs
• What is a benefit of maintaining reflective surfaces?

  They are good for tourists
• What aesthetic quality do reflective surfaces provide?

  They look natural
• What do reflective surfaces do to wave energy?

  Dissipate wave energy
• What is a cost characteristic of reflective surfaces?

  They have relatively low costs
• What is a construction benefit of reflective surfaces?

  They are easy to build
• What is a disadvantage of reflective surfaces?

  They can be easily damaged
• What is a common issue with reflective surfaces?

  They don't stop erosion
• What is a visual characteristic of reflective surfaces?

  They often look artificial
• What is a financial aspect of reflective surfaces?

  Costs range from $5000 to $10000
• What is the cost for more than 100 meters of reflective surface?

  £100,000 or more per 100 meters
• What is the cost for reflective surfaces up to 1500 meters?

  £1500 per meter
• What does the cost of reflective surfaces depend on?

  Materials used for construction
• What is a disadvantage of reflective surfaces regarding maintenance?

  They are hard to repair if damaged
• What is a potential hazard of reflective surfaces?

  They pose a navigation hazard
• How do reflective surfaces affect beach erosion?

  They can exacerbate beach erosion
• What is a common visual issue with reflective surfaces?

  They often look artificial
• What is a maintenance challenge for reflective surfaces?

  They require high maintenance costs
• What is the relationship between reflective surfaces and navigation hazards?

  They can create potential navigation hazards