Section B-2

• What are the 6 R's in design?

  Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair, Refuse, Reimagine
• What are the types of commercial processes mentioned?

  Die Cutting, Perforation, Laser Cutting
• What is offset lithography used for?

  High volume print runs like magazines
• How does laser cutting work?

  Uses a focused laser beam for precise cuts
• What is the role of registration marks in printing?

  Ensure accurate color alignment in prints
• How does the process of creasing and folding affect paper?

  Crushes fibers to create permanent marks
• What is the purpose of perforating materials?

  Allows easy separation of material sections
• What is the function of a creasing machine?

  Ensures consistent folds in materials
• What is the main use of 3D printing?

  Creating three-dimensional objects layer by layer
• What is the role of additives in materials?

  Enhance properties of papers and boards
• What is the importance of ergonomics in design?

  Ensures products are comfortable and efficient to use
• What is the importance of ergonomics in design?

  Ensures products are comfortable and efficient to use
• What is the process used for laser cutting?

  Done by CAM
• What types of materials can laser cutting easily cut through?

  Light materials like paper, boards
• What is 3D printing?


  • Layering or additive process
  • Uses CAM programmed by CAD
  • Produces a 3D product using filament
• What are some commercial processes in design and manufacturingfor papers + boards?

  • Die Cutting
  • Perforation
  • Creasing
  • Laser Cutting
  • Offset Lithography
  • Lamination
  • 3D Printing
  • Injection Moulding
• What are two ways of doing quality control for papers and boards?

  Colour bars and registration marks
• What do colour bars measure in printed items?

  Ink density, overprinting, and misalignment
• What are registration marks used for?

  To ensure accurate printing alignment
• What happens if registration marks are slightly out of register?

  Colour will show
• What is a registration mark?

  A circular pattern printed using all four colours
• What are crop marks used for?

  To indicate where to cut after printing
• What must all materials, structures, and products withstand during use?

  Stress
• Why is the ability to withstand stress important for materials?

  It allows them to perform their function successfully
• What are the types of forces that cause stress on structures, materials, and products?

  • Compression
  • Bending
  • Tension
  • Torsion
  • Shear
• What occurs during compression of a material?

  Pushing force is applied to either end
• What forces are at work during bending?

  Tension on one side and compression on the other
• What occurs during tension of an object?

  Pulling force is applied at either end
• What happens during torsion of a material?

  Forces occur when the material is twisted
• How does shear act on an object?

  It acts in a direction perpendicular to its length
• What may happen to an object under shear stress?

  It may deform and shear at the weakest point
• What ways can you improve strength of material?

  Bending, folding, webbing, fabric interfacing and lamnination
• What is bending

  add curves, arches and tubs. Uses minimal amount of material​
• What is folding + give an example

  Add strength + flexibility enabling material to bend easily (e.g corrguated cardboard)​
• What is webbing + give an example

  Strong fabric made from high-strength material. Usually woven into flat strips + items under high pressure (e.g seatbelt)​

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• What is fabric interfacing?

  Used in textiles, adds additional layer to give structure, shape + support​
• What is lamination?

  bonding two or more materials together. Improves strength + stability. Can also add to aesthetics​
• What are registration marks used for in printing?

  Used for printing accuracy
• Where are registration marks printed on a printed item?

  On the outer edge of the printed item
• Which colors are used in registration marks?

  CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black)