Stage 1

• Chemistry

  Studies the structure of atoms, transformation of matter and the analysis of chemical reactions
• Biochemistry

  Studies processes and reactions that occur in the compounds of cells in living organisms.
• Organic Chemistry

  Is defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds, since they can bond with each other, forming short or very long chains, linear, cyclic, or branched.
• Metabolism

  Is the transformation of compounds

  • Catabolism
  • Anabolism
• Catabolism:

  Degradation of compounds to obtain energy.
• Anabolism:

  Complex compounds are sinthetized from simple substances.
• Origin of Biomolecules

  Biomolecules are formed by atoms which consist of subatomic particles, these join together to form polymers called macromolecules.
• Classification of Biomolecules

  • Structural
  • Metabolic
  • Molecular
• Biomolecules

  Molecules that constitute living beings and are classified into inorganic and organic molecules.
• Inorganic Molecules

  Water

  Oxygen

  Mg2+

  Ca2+

  K+

  Na+

  Ca2
• Organic Molecules

  Phosphorus

  Sulfur

  Carbon

  Hydrogen

  Nitrogen
• Hydrocarbons

  Carbon atoms that are bonded together through a covalent bond, which gives rise to linear, branched chains or circular structures.
• Functional Groups

  • Methane
  • Ethane
  • Hexane
  • Cyclohexane
• Ionic Bond


  Is formed when atoms either donate or accept electrons in their outer orbitals to achieve a state of greater electronic stability.
• Covalent Bond


  Is formed between atoms that share electrons from their outer orbitals, thereby achieving a state of greater electronic stability.
• Primary Bioelements

  Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon
• Glycosidic Bond -COC-


  type of covalent bond that occurs between two monosaccharides.
• Monossacharides

  • Galactose: Sugar
  • Fructose: Fruits and vegetables
• Disacharides

  • Lactose: Segregated by mammary glands.
  • Maltose: Fermentation of barley used in manufacture of beer.
• Polysacharides

  • Cellulose: Makes up the cell walls of plants and vegetables.
  • Starch: Plant polysacharide macromolecule
• Polypeptides

  • Enkephalins: Works as an analgesic
  • Aspartame: Used as synthetic sweetener
  • Bradykinin: The cause of pain
• Proteins

  Are essential in cellular function and structure, contain genetic information, are considered macromolecules, and amino acids are the basic unit in the structure.
• Classification of amino acids

  • Polar or hydrophilic
  • Non-polar or hydrophobic
  • Negative charge or acidic
  • Positive charge or basic
  • Aromatics
• Polar or Hydrophilic

  • Serine
  • Asparagine
  • Theonine
  • Tyrosine
  • Glutamine
  • Cysteine
  • Glycine
• Non-polar or hydrophilic

  • Alanine
  • Methionine
  • Valine
  • Proline
  • Leucine
  • Isolevane
  • Phenylanine
• Negative or Acidic

  • Aspartic AC
  • Glutamine AC
• Positive or Basic

  • Lysine
  • Histidine
  • Arginine
  • Phenylanine
• Aromatics

  • Tyrosine
  • Trypyophan
• Proteins are made up of 20 different amino acids
• Amino acids are classified as α, β or γ
• Simple Proteins

  Upon hydrolysis, produce amino acid

  • Amino acids can be fibrous: produce nails, hair and muscles
  • Globular proteins: Helps regulate the glucose in blood.
• Conjugated Proteins

  Upon hydrolysis, produce organic or inorganic components in addition to amino acids.

  • Prosthetic Group:
  • Nucleoproteins
  • Lipoproteins
  • Glycoproteins
  • Metalloproteins metals
• Protein Functions

  1. Structural
  2. Biocatalysts
  3. Reserve of nutritional materials
  4. Transport vehicle
  5. Protective or inmunological
  6. Regulator
• Proteins can contain minerals, fats, sugar and other substances in their structure.
• Structures of Proteins

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
• Primary Structure

  Line chain
• Secondary structure

  can form an "alpha helix" or a "beta forded sheet"
• Tertiary Structure

  Spherical chain
• Quaternary Structure

  covalently bonded, called "oligomeric"
• Enzymes

  Cells of living beings obtain the energy and components that allow them to survive through chemical reactions that are carried out constantly.