002

• Tourists


  • They are the main characters in the tourism industry
  • The tourism industry exists to cater to their needs
• Tourism businesses acknowledge that their success depends on how much they know and understand their tourists
• A professional understanding of the consumer is at the core of successful business practice in the tourism industry
• Motivation


  Something that stimulates interest or causes a person to act in a certain way
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

  • Physiological needs
  • Safety needs
  • Love/Belonging needs
  • Esteem needs
  • Self-Actualization needs
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs is used in tourism to understand tourist behavior and guide businesses in providing facilities and services to address tourist needs
• Leisure Ladder Model


  Explains individual tourist behaviors based on stages in a tourist life cycle, similar to an individual's experience of work
• Push-and-Pull Model


  The choice of destination is driven by two forces - push (general desire to go somewhere else) and pull (region-specific lure that attracts tourists)
• Schmoll Model of Tourist Decision-Making

  • Travel Stimuli
  • Personal and Social Determinants
  • External Variables
  • Characteristics and Features of the Service
• Stages of the Buying Behavior of Tourists

  • Felt need/Travel Desire
  • Information Collection and Evaluation
  • Travel Decision
  • Travel Preparations
  • Travel Satisfaction and Evaluation
• Stages of the Buying Behavior of Tourists

  • Felt need or Travel desire
  • Information and Evaluation
  • Travel decision
  • Travel preparations And travel experience
  • Travel satisfaction Outcome and evaluation
• Felt need or Travel desire


  A desire to travel is felt and reasons for and against that desire are weighted
• Information and Evaluation


  Potential tourists utilize travel intermediaries, brochures and advertisements as well as friends, relatives and experienced travelers. This information is evaluated against both economic and time constraints and factors such as accessibility and alternatives
• Travel decision


  Stage advancement occurs with destinations, mode of travel, accommodations and activities being selected
• Travel preparations And travel equipment


  Travel takes place once bookings are made and confirmed, budgets organized, and clothing and equipment are arranged
• Travel satisfaction Evaluation


  During and after travel the overall experience is evaluated and the results influence subsequent travel decisions
• Hansal and Eislt Model

  • Planning phase
  • Modification phase
• Planning phase


  Travelers decide on the basic parameters concerning their trip. Decisions in this phase are made at home, usually over a significant amount of time prior to the trip. Sometimes initial decisions are subjected to modification or completely revamped
• Modification phase


  Details are decided. This phase covers modifications made during the trip. Examples are choices of specific sites that were advertised in brochures that travelers obtained from tourist information centers or decision to stay at a hotel whose services are announced on a billboard
• Models describing tourist decision-making process would make a long-list. They have basically the same purpose and that is to guide the tourism industry in understanding how tourists get motivated in traveling, what things influence or discourage them to travel, and where they information, and purchase their selected product
• These models have two fundamental roles: to identify factors that influence the decision-making of the tourists and to enumerate the stages of their decision-making
• Tourist Typologies


  • Plog's Psychocentric-Allocentric Model
  • Cohen's Tourist Typology
  • Global Travel Survey
  • Pearce's Travelers Category
• Plog's Psychocentric-Allocentric Model


  Stanley Plog classifed tourists along a continuum with allocentrics on one end and psychocentrics on the other end. Generally, allocentrics seeks adventure while psychocentrics seek the comfort of familiar surroundings in their tourism experiences
• Cohen's Tourist Categories


  • The organized mass tourist
  • The individual mass tourist
  • The explorer
  • The drifter
• The organized mass tourist


  Package tour fixed itineraries, planned stops, guided organizers making the decisions. Familiarity at a maximum and novelty at a minimum
• The individual mass tourist


  Tour not entirely planned by others. Tourist having some control over his/her itinerary and time allocations. Major arrangements made through travel intermediary. Tourist remaining largely within the environmental bubble of home country ways and mixing little with locals. Dominant familiarity
• The explorer


  Tourist usually planning his/her own trips and trying to avoid developed tourist attractions. Desire to mix with locals but still protected within the environmental bubble. Dominant novelty, tourist not fully integrating with locals
• The drifter


  Tourist plan their trip alone. Tourists avoid tourist attractions and live with the locals. Almost entirely immersed in the host culture, sharing its shelter, food and habits. Novelty is dominant and familiarity disappears
• Global Travel Survey


  • Adventurers
  • Worriers
  • Dreamers
  • Economizers
  • Indulgers
• Adventurers


  Are motivated to seek new experiences. Value diversity. Seek new activities, cultures and people. Are independent and in control. Travel plays a central role in their lives. Don't need to be pampered
• Worriers


  Suffer considerable anxiety about traveling. Travel is relatively unimportant to them. Are not particularly adventurous
• Dreamers


  Are fascinated by travel. Their own travel tends to be more mundane than might be expected give their travel ideas. Their trips are oriented more toward relaxation than adventure. Lack confidence in their ability to master the details of traveling. Anxious about the stresses of travel
• Economizers


  They travel primarily because they need a break, travel is not a central activity for them. Seek value in travel. Their experience of travel does not add meaning to their lives. Their sense of adventure is low
• Indulgers


  Like to be pampered. Their travel is not a central or important experience. Are generally willing to pay for a higher level of service when they travel. Do not find travel intimidating or stressful
• Pearce's Travel Category


  • Tourist
  • Traveler
  • Holidaymaker
  • Jetsetter
  • Businessperson
  • Migrant
  • Conversationist
  • Explorer
  • Missionary
  • Overseas student
  • Anthropologist
  • Hippie
  • International athlete
  • Overseas journalist
  • Religious pilgrim
• Tourist


  Takes photos, buys souvenirs, goes to famous places, stays briefly in one place, does not understand the local people
• Traveler


  Stays briefly in one place, experiments with local food, goes to famous places, takes photos, explores privately
• Holidaymaker


  Takes photos, goes to famous places, is alienated from society, buys souvenirs, contributes to the visited economy
• Jetsetter


  Lives a life of luxury, is concerned with social status, seeks sensual pleasures, prefers interacting with people of his/her own kind
• Businessperson


  Concerned with social status, contributes to the economy, does not take photos, prefers interacting with people of his/her own kind, goes to famous places